Focus: Representative ethnic

music, colonial influenced and

contemporary music
 Philippine music consists of vocal and instrumental music
from northern and southern part of the Philippines and
divided into four eras or traditions, the Ethnic tradition,
Spanish traditions, American traditions and Contemporary
traditions. Philippine music revolves around cultural
influence from the West due to Spanish and American rule.
Ethnic music is still alive but mainly develops in highland
and lowland barrios with little Western influence.
 Ethnic Traditions

Philippine ethnic musical traditions are

diverse in nature, although there are many
common instruments and life-cycle
functions. They differ mainly in form and
structure, performance media, style,
aesthetic, and theoretical properties
(temperaments, scales, modes and
terminologies).
 Ethnic or Indigenous music may be instrumental or vocal. The
following instruments divide according to Hornbostel-Sachs
classification: idiophones, membranophones, aerophones and
chordophones.
IDIOPHONE ETHNIC INSTRUMENTS
North Let”s Try!
 Gangsa
 Patatag Gabbang Agung
 Bungkaka
 Pattung Gangsa Patatag Kulintang
 Ulibaw
South
Babandil Bungkaka Kubing
 Kulintang
 Gandingan
 Agung Pattung Ulibaw
 Gabbang
 Tagutok Gandingan Tagutok
 Kubing
 Babandil
 BUNGKAKA
The instrument is made of five bamboo
GANGSA segments mounted individually and can be
played by just one person or by a group of
five, each to every segment.

PATATAG

ULIBAW PATTUNG
 KULINTANG

TAGUTOK GANDINGAN

KUBING

AGUNG BABANDIL

GABBANG
MEMBRANOPHONE ETHNIC INSTRUMENTS
North Let”s Try!

 Sulibao
 Kimbal Sulibao Kimbal Libbit
 Libbit
 Ludag
Dabakan Ludag
South

 Dabakan
 Longitudinal slightly barrel shaped
hollowed out logs with deer skin heads
on one end. The taller drum (ca. 80 cm).

KIMBAL

The Ifugao ___________, __________ - a

conical drum with a deer or goat skin
SULIBAO head. It is played with a gong during
harvest time under the rice granary.

LUDAG LIBBIT

DABAKAN
 ETHNIC INSTRUMENTS
CHORDOPHONE
Kudlong Kolitong
North
Gitgit Kudyapi
 Kolitong
 Gitgit

South

 Kudyapi
 Kudlong
KOLITONG GITGIT

KUDLONG KUDYAPI
 ETHNIC INSTRUMENTS
AEROPHONE

North Palendag Paldong Tongali

 Palendag
 Tongali Suling Kaleleng
 Kaleleng
 Saggeypo Saggeypo Diwdiwas Tambuli
 Diwdiwas
 Tambuli Plawta Saunay
South
 Paldong
 Suling
 Saunay
 Plawta
 TONGALI
KALELENG

PALENDAG

DIWDIWAS
TAMBULI
SAGGEYPO
 Suling
Paldong

Plawta Saunay
Name it…
ETHNIC INSTRUMENTS
Idiophone Membranophone Chordophone Aerophone
North North North North
 G angsa  S ulibao  K olitong  P alendag
 P atatag  K imbal  G itgit  T ongali
 B ungkaka  L ibbit South  K aleleng
 P attung  L udag  K udyapi  S aggeypo
 U libaw South  K udlong  D iwdiwas
South  D abakan  T ambuli
 K ulintang South
 G andingan  P aldong
 A gung  S uling
 G abbang  S aunay
 T agutok  P lawta
 K ubing
 B abandil
Early Filipino Music
•Du-mu-ra – is a love song with long verses.

•Tal-bun – is a song sung on festive occasions or when there are

visitors. This kind of song includes improvised words to suit the
occasion.

•Pag-pag – is a song composed of three notes and in two parts. The

song is sung while pounding rice during wedding ceremonies.

•Ayoweng – an industrial song consists of three notes and sung in

social gatherings.

•Nan-a-an-to-o-ay – is an Igorot funeral song of three notes and

expresses grief over the death of one who died prematurely.

•Cañao – ia a ceremonius occasion with dancing, drinking of bubud

or fermented rice, butchering of pigs and speeches.

•Sua-sua – both song and courtship dance of Jolo.

Classification of Songs
•ART SONG – is one that meets the requirements of the musical and
poetic arts.

•FOLK SONG – is a song of the people and consists of simple

melodic, harmonic, and metric fundamentals.

•NATIONAL SONG – is one that belongs to the nation. The national

anthem or hymn, with a martial theme, is a national song.

•POPULAR SONG – is a song of trivial musical and poetic value,

usually written by laymen for popular mass appeal. It is a song of the
people.

•STROPHIC SONG – is a folk art or art song consisting of two or more

stanzas, each of them set to an identical tune.

•BALLAD – is a class of song particularly common in England and

derived from ballata, a song with dance.

•PLAIN SONG – is a piece of unisonous vocal music popularly used in

Christian church rituals.
Let’s try one more time!
Is a song of trivial musical and poetic value, usually written by
POPULAR SONG laymen for popular mass appeal. It is a song of the people.

Is a folk art or art song consisting of two or more stanzas,

STROPHIC SONG
each of them set to an identical tune.

Is a class of song particularly common in England and

BALLAD derived from ballata, a song with dance.

ART SONG Is one that meets the requirements of the musical and poetic
arts.

PLAIN SONG Is a piece of unisonous vocal music popularly used in

Christian church rituals.

Is one that belongs to the nation. The national anthem or

NATIONAL SONG hymn, with a martial theme, is a national song.

Is a song of the people and consists of simple melodic,

FOLK SONG harmonic, and metric fundamentals.
Traditional Melodies of the Filipinos
•SULIRANIN – a sad monotonous song, pilgrims sing when the
weather is hot.

•INDOLANIN – a song, rustics sing in the streets when leaving or

entering the town.

•HILA-HILA – a dramatic song, sung when paddling a banca.

•OYAYI – a kind of cradle song, sung to make babies go to sleep.
•HOLOHOO – a song, sung to quiet down crying children or to pacify
them when they are restless because of some ailment.
•OMBAYI – a song with funeral sentiment, sung by guests during
interment or when one is sad.
•SAMBOTANI – a song, sung at a feast.
•TAGUMPAY – a victory song to commemorate a battle won or to
honor the victors.
•TAGULAYLAY – a monotonous melody portraying grief over
someone’s death.
SAMBITAN – a funeral song performed by relatives of the deceased.
One more time..

TAGUMPAY – a victory song to commemorate a battle won or to honor the

victors.
SAMBOTANI – a song, sung at a feast.

– a song, sung to quiet down crying children or to pacify

HOLOHOO
them when they are restless because of some ailment.

OMBAYI – a song with funeral sentiment, sung by guests during

interment or when one is sad.
OYAYI – a kind of cradle song, sung to make babies go to sleep.

TAGULAYLAY – a monotonous melody portraying grief over someone’s death.

INDOLANIN – a song, rustics sing in the streets when leaving or

entering the town.

SULIRANIN – a sad monotonous song, pilgrims sing when the weather is hot.

SAMBITAN – a funeral song performed by relatives of the deceased.

HILA-HILA – a dramatic song, sung when paddling a banca.
SPANISH TRADITION
Spanish colonial regime from 1565 to 1898 reshaped Philippine
culture in general and Philippine music in particular. The songs on the
exploits of epic heroes and the rhythms of the native drums and
gongs started to fade before the chants of the Christian church and
the harmonies of the organ, harp and guitar.

Liturgical Music originated as a part of religious ceremony and

includes a number of traditions, both ancient and modern. The
Spanish discovered that the Filipinos were singing people. In
monasteries and churches, the first sounds of the Christian church
that the “native” heard was the Gregorian chant or plainchant,
unaccompanied monophony.

Extraliturgical Music – music developed outside the church

and some of these are practiced by the entire major Christianized
ethnolinguistic group. Some of the practices are: the Marian flores de
mayo and santacruzan both held in May; the Easter salubong and bati
and the Christmas panunuluyan.
Secular Music – is non-religious music.
Kumintang – an ancient native dance and melody of the Christian is
an authentic example of pre-Spanish music in the Tagalog areas.
Originally a war song, it was later adapted into a love song and still later
into a song of repose.

Kundiman – a passionate lyrical song with a theme professing true

love.

Balitaw – is song and dance common among Tagalogs and

Visayans.

Habanera – named after its place of origin of Havana, Cuba, and

also known as danza or danza habanera – is in duple time

Polka – dance in fast duple meter

Jota – originally a Spanish folk dance, has sections in duple and
quadruple time

Numerous instrumental groups performed actively, particularly in

the second half of the 19th century. These included orchestras, bands
AMERICAN & CONTEMPORARY TRADITION
The three centuries of Spanish musical influence gave
way to changes introduced by the American regime from
1901 to 1946. Through the new system of public education,
American teachers introduced the singing of Philippine
songs in Western style as other hymns and simple tunes
from Europe and America.

Types of music:

1. classical music – which includes both Western classical

music and the art music composed by Filipinos in the
Western classical or modern idiom.
- western classical music – influence of European classical
music was made stronger by visits of individual foreign
artists before and after the American occupation.
2. semiclassical music – which encompasses stylized folk songs,
sarswela music, hymns and marches, band and rondalla music.

-folk songs – the field collection of folk songs undertaken in the 1920s
and 1930s yielded substantial body of regional songs from the
language groups all over the country. Initially transcribed in western
notation, many of them were arranged for chorus and published as
educational materials for the school system. These songs were later
popularized in musical performances that called for native music,
including folk dance presentation.

-songs and ballads – love songs and ballads have been composed and
are still being composed in abundant numbers, catering to the
everyday musical needs of a wide listening public.

-music for theater – early Philippine theater forms such as the komedya
and the sarswela served as sources of light entertainment music.

- instrumental music – Philippine band music has become an integral

part of the life of every Filipino in the lowland Christian communities.
3. popular music – which includes music created by
Filipinos using Western pop forms and/or local music
traditions.

-popular entertainment - the most significant influence of

American culture on Philippine musical life is reflected in
the popular music movement which catered to the need for
entertainment and leisure by a growing mass audience.

- pinoy pop music – Filipino popular music, or Pinoy pop,

covers a broad range of forms: folk songs, dance tunes,
ballads, broadway-inspired songs, rock’n’roll and its
variants, disco, jazz fusion, and rap, that cater to a
predominantly youthful audience in the urban centers and
are disseminated widely through the electronic media
COMPOSERS

1. NICANOR ABELARDO – Father of Kundiman

(Nasaan Ka Irog, Mutya ng Pasig, Bituing Marikit, Himutok
and Kung Hindi Man)

2. JULIAN FELIPE – Composer of

National Anthem (Jose Palma – lyricist)

3. ANTONIO MOLINA – “Hatinggabi” – violin solo –

impressionistic style, “Ang Batingaw,”Misa Antoniana
Grand Festival March.”

4. DOLORES PATERNO –
Composer of “La Flor De Manila 1897
(Sampaguita)”
 5. LUCIO SAN PEDRO – 1991 National Artist (Sa Ugoy ng
Duyan, Sa Mahal Kong Bayan and Sa Lupang Sarili)

6. FRANCISCO SANTIAGO – Composer of “Pilipinas

Kong Mahal”, “Kundiman (Ako’y Anak ng Dalita)”, “Madaling
Araw”, “Pakiusap”, “Ano Kaya ang Kapalaran” and “The
Dignity of Labor.”

7. ALFREDO BUENAVENTURA – Conductor, teacher

and composer of “Piano Concerto in C minor”, “Kayumanggi
Symphony”, opera: “Maria Makiling”, “Alamat ng Pinya” and
“Hinilawod.”

8. GEORGE CANCESO – Composer of

“Kapantay ay Langit”, “Kailangan Kita”,
“Ngayon at Kailanman”, “Kastilyong Buhangin”
and “Gaano Kadalas ang Minsan.”
9. RYAN CAYABYAB – Conductor, musical director, teacher
and composer of “Isang Dipang Tao,” “Magandang Gabi sa
Inyong Lahat,” “Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika,” and “Nais Ko.”

10. JOSE MARI CHAN – Singer and composer of

“Christmas in Our Hearts,” “Beautiful Girl,” “Please Be
Careful with My Heart,” and “Constant Change.”

12. OGIE ALCASID – Singer, songwriter, television presenter,

comedian, parodist, actor, entrepreneur and composer of
“Nandito Ako,” “Bakit Ngayon Ka Lang,” “Hanggang Ngayon,”
“Pangako” and “Kung Mawawala.”

11. WILLY CRUZ – “Araw-Araw, Gabi-Gabi,” “I’ll Never Ever

Say Goodbye,” “Kung Mahawi Man ang Ulap” and “Pahiram
ng Isang Umaga.”
 13. FREDDIE AGUILAR – “Anak,” “Magdalena,” “ Bulag, Pipi
at Bingi,” “Ipaglalaban Ko” and “Estudyante Blues.”

14. APO HIKING SOCIETY – Jim

Paredes, Buboy Garrovillo and Danny
Javier’s “Pumapatak ang Ulan,”
“Salawikain,” “Mahirap Magmahal ng
Syota ng Iba,” “American Junk,” and
“Yakap sa Dilim.”

15. JOEY AYALA – Singer, poet and composer

of “Panganay ng Umaga,” “Mga Awit ng Tanod-
lupa,” “Lumad sa Siyudad” and “Sa Bundok ng
Apo.”
IT’S YOUR TURN..

1. La Flor de Manila or Sampaguita is the composition of _________?

a. Julian Felipe c. Dolores Paterno

b. Jose Palma d. Atang dela Rama

2. Who are the Creative Nationalist Filipino Composer and the National
Artist of 1991?

a. Restie Umali c. Levi Celerio

b. Lucio San Pedro d. George Canseco

3. The Impressionistic composer of Hatinggabi is __________.

a. Nicanor Abelardo c. Antonio Molina

b. Lucio San Pedro d. Francisco Santiago

4. Kung Hindi Man is an example of ___________?

a. Folksong c. Kumintang
b. Balitaw d. Kundiman
5. This is the period of the pabasa, pasyon and flores de mayo in the
Philippines.

a. Ethnic period c. American period

b. Spanish period d. Japanese period

6. The “reyna” of Zarzuela is ___________.

a. Sylvia La Torre c. Dolores Paterno

b. Conching Rosal d. Atang dela Rama

7. The “reyna” of Kundiman is __________.

a. Sylvia La Torre c. Dolores Paterno

b. Conching Rosal d. Atang dela Rama

8. It consists of 3 to 4 pieces of gongs with shallow bossed.

a. Agong c. Gandingan
b. Babandil d. Gangsa
9. From what region is the song Sarungbanggi?

a. Tagalog c. Visaya
b. Ilocano d. Bicol

10. Is a song and dance common among the Tagalogs and Visayans.
a. Kumintang c. Balitaw
b. Danza d. Habanera

11. From which region is the song Dandansoy?

a. Tagalog c. Visaya
b. Ilocano d. Bicol

12. The composer of “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” is _________?

a. Antonio Molina c. Lucio San Pedro

b. Nicanor Abelardo d. Francisco Santiago
13. “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan” is a composition by _______?

a. Antonio Molina c. Lucio San Pedro

b. Nicanor Abelardo d. Francisco Santiago

14. The most significant influence of American culture on Philippine musical

life is reflected in the popular music movement which catered to the need for
entertainment and leisure by a growing mass audience.

a. Popular entertainment c. Instrumental music

b. Pinoy pop music d. Music for Theater

15. Filipino popular music, or Pinoy pop, covers a broad range of forms.

a. Popular entertainment c. Instrumental music

b. Pinoy pop music d. Music for Theater

16. The song ___________ is sung while pounding rice during wedding
ceremonies.

a. Du-mu-ra c. Cañao
b. Pag-pag d. Tal-bun
17. ___________ is a love song with long verses.

a. Du-mu-ra c. Cañao
b. Pag-pag d. Tal-bun

18. The gangsa instrument belongs to _____________.

a. Idiophone c. Membranophone
b. Aeorophone d. Chordophone

19. The paldong instrument is classified as ________________.

a. Idiophone c. Membranophone
b. Aerophone d. Chordophone

20. The best-selling Philippine music record of all time by Freddie Aguilar is
___________?

a. Ipaglalaban ko c. Bulag, Pipi atBingi

b. Magdalena d. Anak
 IT’S YOUR TURN..

1. The Ifugao ceremonious occasion with dancing, drinking of bubud or

fermented rice, butchering of pigs and speeches is called __________.
a. Ayoweng c. Pagpag
b. Sua-sua d. Canao
2. The song and courtship dance of Jolo.
a. Ayoweng c. Papag
b. Sua-sua d. Canao
3. What do you call this ensemble that consists of kulintang, a set of eight
small gongs of graduated sizes, dabakan, gandingan and babandil?
a. Saggong c. Gangsa
b. Palabunyibunyan d. Luntang
4. The instrument played by the Kalinga.
a. Saggong c. Gangsa
b. Palabunyibunyan d. Luntang
5. It is a song that belongs to a nation.
a. Ballad c. Plainsong
b. Kumintang d. National Song
6. Which of the following is not a category of Ethnic Philippine music?

a. Function – specific music

b. Music that maybe performed on similar occasion
c. Music performed at any time at any occasion
d. Music performed in churches.

7. The music includes both Western classical music and the art music
composed by Filipinos in the Western classical or modern idiom is called
_______________.

a. Semiclassical music c. Popular music

b. Classical music d. Ethnic music

8. _____________ music includes music created by the Filipinos using

Western Pop forms and or local music traditions.

a. Semiclassical music c. Popular music

b. Classical music d. Ethnic music
9. Which of the following are to membranophone instruments?

a. Pattung c. Togo
b. Babandil d. Dabakan

10. Which of the following does not belong to chordophone instruments?

a. Saggeypo c. Kolitong
b. Kudlong d. Kudyapi

11. In general, it is the most influential contribution of the Spaniards to

Philippine music.

a. The westernization of Philippine music

b. Christianization of music in almost all parts of the Philippines
c. Eradication of “devilish” cultural ethnic music
d. Education of Filipinos to music

12. Which of the following does not belong to the classification of songs?

a. Strophic song c. Folk song

b. Cañao d. Art song
 13. Which of the following explains why there is an Extraliturgical music?

a. Because Filipinos wanted an independent liturgical music

b. Because of the musical aspect which conveyed much of Filipino’ musicality
c. Because of the great power of the Christian religion that its music
extended beyond the walls of the church
d. It was a government project by the Spaniards to promote Filipino music

14. It is a regional variant of an awit which is in slow triple time and is referred
to as a nationalistic song. It originated in Batangas.

a. Composo c. Kundiman
b. Kumintang d. Rigodon

15. The famous singer, song writer, television presentor, comedian actor and
composer of the song “Kung Mawawala Ka” is __________________.

a. APO Hiking Society c. Ogie Alcasid

b. Joey Ayala d. Willy Cruz

16. “American Junk” and “Yakap sa Dilim” are the famous songs by
____________.

a. APO Hiking Society c. Ogie Alcasid

b. Joey Ayala d. Willy Cruz
17. It is a genre in the Contemporary era characterized by its mushy lyrics
which are in Taglish and was important in the filipinization of Pop music

a. Manila Sound c. Pinoy Jazz Fusion

b. Pinoy Rock d. Pinoy Rap

18. If music stayed in the same western concept and idiom but is “filipinized”
and “vernacularized” with Filipino concept, what genre can you categorize it
know for the fusion of ethnic and contemporary?

a. Pinoy Jazz Fusion c. Contemporary

b. Ethnic Pop d. Popular Ethnic

19. She is known as the mother of Filipino classical music?

a. Eudenice Palaruan c. Eliseo Parajo

b. Lucrecia Kasilag d. Slyvia dela Torre

20. A song of trivial musical and poetic value, usually written by laymen for
popular mass appeal.

a. National Song c. Plain Song

b. Ballad d. Popular Song
LET’S CHECK..

1. The Ifugao ceremonious occasion with dancing, drinking of bubud or

fermented rice, butchering of pigs and speeches is called __________.
a. Ayoweng c. Pagpag
b. Sua-sua d. Canao
2. The song and courtship dance of Jolo.
a. Ayoweng c. Papag
b. Sua-sua d. Canao
3. What do you call this ensemble that consists of kulintang, a set of eight
small gongs of graduated sizes, dabakan, gandingan and babandil?
a. Saggong c. Gangsa
b. Palabunyibunyan d. Luntang
4. The instrument played by the Kalinga.
a. Saggong c. Gangsa
b. Palabunyibunyan d. Luntang
5. It is a song that belongs to a nation.
a. Ballad c. Plainsong
b. Kumintang d. National Song
6. Which of the following is not a category of Ethnic Philippine music?

a. Function – specific music

b. Music that maybe performed on similar occasion
c. Music performed at any time at any occasion
d. Music performed in churches.

7. The music includes both Western classical music and the art music
composed by Filipinos in the Western classical or modern idiom is called
_______________.

a. Semiclassical music c. Popular music

b. Classical music d. Ethnic music

8. _____________ music includes music created by the Filipinos using

Western Pop forms and or local music traditions.

a. Semiclassical music c. Popular music

b. Classical music d. Ethnic music
9. Which of the following are to membranophone instruments?

a. Pattung c. Togo
b. Babandil d. Dabakan

10. Which of the following does not belong to chordophone instruments?

a. Saggeypo c. Kolitong
b. Kudlong d. Kudyapi

11. In general, it is the most influential contribution of the Spaniards to

Philippine music.

a. The westernization of Philippine music

b. Christianization of music in almost all parts of the Philippines
c. Eradication of “devilish” cultural ethnic music
d. Education of Filipinos to music

12. Which of the following does not belong to the classification of songs?

a. Strophic song c. Folk song

b. Cañao d. Art song
 13. Which of the following explains why there is an Extraliturgical music?

a. Because Filipinos wanted an independent liturgical music

b. Because of the musical aspect which conveyed much of Filipino’ musicality
c. Because of the great power of the Christian religion that its music
extended beyond the walls of the church
d. It was a government project by the Spaniards to promote Filipino music

14. It is a regional variant of an awit which is in slow triple time and is referred
to as a nationalistic song. It originated in Batangas.

a. Composo c. Kundiman
b. Kumintang d. Rigodon

15. The famous singer, song writer, television presentor, comedian actor and
composer of the song “Kung Mawawala Ka” is __________________.

a. APO Hiking Society c. Ogie Alcasid

b. Joey Ayala d. Willy Cruz

16. “American Junk” and “Yakap sa Dilim” are the famous songs by
____________.

a. APO Hiking Society c. Ogie Alcasid

b. Joey Ayala d. Willy Cruz
17. It is a genre in the Contemporary era characterized by its mushy lyrics
which are in Taglish and was important in the filipinization of Pop music

a. Manila Sound c. Pinoy Jazz Fusion

b. Pinoy Rock d. Pinoy Rap

18. If music stayed in the same western concept and idiom but is “filipinized”
and “vernacularized” with Filipino concept, what genre can you categorize it
know for the fusion of ethnic and contemporary?

a. Pinoy Jazz Fusion c. Contemporary

b. Ethnic Pop d. Popular Ethnic

19. She is known as the mother of Filipino classical music?

a. Eudenice Palaruan c. Eliseo Parajo

b. Lucrecia Kasilag d. Slyvia dela Torre

20. A song of trivial musical and poetic value, usually written by laymen for
popular mass appeal.

a. National Song c. Plain Song

b. Ballad d. Popular Song