BRYOPHYT

ES:
NON-
VASCULAR
PLANTS
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KINGDOM PLANTAE
Terrestrial
organisms
Eukaryotic

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Photosynthetic
Organ forming
With diplohaplontic life cycle
Heteromorphic gametophyte
and sporophyte generations
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Closely related to the green
algae: Charophyceae: Chara and

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Coleochaete
Cellulosic cell wall
Chl a and b as pigments

Starch as stored food

Phragmoplast type of cytokinesis

Similarities in nuclear genes and rRNA

KINGDOM PLANTAE
Adaptations to the life on land:
Sterilejacket of cells surrounding

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egg-sperm producing structures
Protective layers of cells covering
spore producing structures
Protected embryo
Waxy coating– cuticle
Specialized cells for water and food
conduction
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Kingdom Plantae

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Vascular Non-vascular
Plants Plants
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS:
BRYOPHYTES
 earliest land plants
 well-adapted to moist habitats (low-lying)

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 the only land plants that have a dominant
gametophyte (the sporophyte is parasitic to
the gametophyte).

Sporophyte
(2n)

Gametophyte (n)
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS:
BRYOPHYTES
 lack Vascular Tissue
 Impact on Structure

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 a few have modified water transport cells, called
hydroids and solute conducting cells, called
leptoids , but this is rare.
 size restriction depends on cell to cell diffusion for

transport
 often grow in prostrate masses or clumps (No

vascular tissues for strength for upright growth)

 attach to substrate with rhizoids which anchor

(no true roots)

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS:
BRYOPHYTES
 Three divisions:

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Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Bryophyta (Mosses)
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
 Sporophyte
 non-photosynthetic, parasitic on the gametophyte (foot)
 with spores (with elaters for dispersal); borne on a

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capsule-seta;
 Gametophyte
 green, small, flat, ribbon like;
 no xylem and phloem, cuticle and stomata
 two forms:
 thallose hepatics- many cells thick; dorsal part is
chloroplast rich and ventral part is colorless with rhizoid
 leafy hepatics- well-branched and form small mats;

arranged in 3 ranks: a pair of lateral appendages and a

median appendage (amphigastria); “leaf” no midrib or costa.
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
 Reproduction
 asexually: by fragmentation (wherein older

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central portions die leaving growing tips as
new individuals), and gemmae formation
(multicellular asexual propagule, stored in
gemmae cups)

 sexually:
gametophyte produces antheridia
and archegonia
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA

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Thallose Leafy
Liverworts Liverworts
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
archegoniophor
e

 Thallose Liverworts
Marchantia

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With gemmae
cups

antheridiophore
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
 Thallose Liverwort
Riccia

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 Cyathodium
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
 Leafy liverworts
 Plagiochila

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 Bazzania

www.chem.gla.ac.uk
DIVISION
ANTHOCEROPHYTA
 Sporophyte
 elongated, horn-like, photosynthetic structure

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arising from the gametophyte
 cylindrical sporangium; spores with
pseudoelaters (slightly coiled strands)
 Gametophyte
 resemble thallose hepatics
 each cell has a single chloroplast and pyrenoid
 with stomata
 with extensive internal cavities filled with
mucilage, and occupied by cyanobacteria
(Nostoc).
DIVISION
ANTHOCEROPHYTA
 Reproduction
asexually: spore formation in

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capsules (with reduced or no seta)

sexually:gametophyte
(monoecious)produces archegonia
and antheridia (clustered) on the
dorsal side; the sperm is
biflagellated and facilitated by water.
DIVISION
ANTHOCEROPHYTA
 Anthoceros

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DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
 Sporophyte
 only the female moss produces an erect

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sporophyte (at the terminal end of the
stem exhibiting a long seta and short
cylindrical capsule) and bears spores
 Gametophyte
 green, leafy (occur in 2 or 3 ranks; with
costa or midrib) and generally, upright
 water flows by simple diffusion (epidermis,
cortex, medulla); for the family
Polytrichaceae: hydroids and leptoids are
present in the medulla.
DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
2 patterns of growth:
 cushiony- gametophyte is erect and

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sporophyte is terminal
 feathery- gametophyte is creeping, sporophyte

—lateral.
 Reproduction
 asexually: spore formation in capsules
(with calyptra, operculum and peristome
teeth)
 sexually: gametophyte (dioecious)
produces archegonia and antheridia
(biflagellated sperm)
DIVISION BRYOPHYTA

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DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
 Cushiony moss
 Mnium

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 Fissidens
 Pogonatum
DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
 Feathery mosses
 Thuidium

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 Sphagnum
ROLE OF
BRYOPHYTES
 pioneer plants, growing on bare rock and
contributing to soil development.

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 in mountain forests they form a thick carpet,
reducing erosion.
 in forest ecosystems they act like a sponge
retaining and slowly releasing water
 provide habitat for other plants and small
animals as well as microorganisms like N2-
fixing cyanobacteria
 can serve as bioindicators of pollution and
environmental degradation 
REFERENCES
http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/FPAS/bcs/bl14ap
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexm

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http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/rkr/Botany110/lectur
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END