ASSIGNMENT-4

BUILDING SERVICES-3

SECURITY AND ALARM

SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DEEPALI RAI
AR. SURJEET SINGH B.ARCH 4th YR.
7th SEMESTER
 CONTENT

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. AIR-BORNE SOUND 1

2. STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE 2

3. SOUND PROPAGATION 3

4. SECURITY SYSTEMS IN A BUILDING 3-4

5. SURVEILLANCE SECURITY SYSTEMS 5

6. MOTION SENSOR SECURITY SYSTEMS 5

7. FIRE SECURITY SYSTEMS 6

8. PHYSICAL BARRIERS 6

9. PHYSICAL GAURD 6

10. ALARM SYSTEM DEFINITION AND TYPES 7

11. ALARMS THAT CAN BE OPERATE 8-9

 What Is Airborne sound?

Airborne noise or airborne sound is defined as any sound that is transmitted by the air, like music
or speech. Sound waves are picked up and carried by air until they crash into something solid, like
a wall. The collision sends vibrations through the wall and into the space beyond it. This is why
you’re able to hear your neighbor’s dog barking as if it were inside your home; the sound waves
created are carried by air until they reach your walls and vibrate through them.

Air Borne Sound is ultimately the sound which can spread only via the air. This can be detected, at
least by the human ear, from 20Hz - 20000Hz.

Common cause:
Air-borne Sound:
• Is the sound that travels through the air and into the surrounding environment.
• In closed environments such as rooms and enclosures, air-borne sound may reverberate (echo) and
increase the levels of noise both in and outside the contained space.

How To Reduce Airborne Sound

The first thing you’ll want to do is check for sound leaks in your walls. Even the smallest cracks
allow airborne noise to enter your space easily, so be meticulous in your search. Windows and doors
tend to be the most susceptible areas, but any gaps will lend to the noise problem. After you have
located these weak spots, fill them in with sound blocking sealant or caulk to reinforce the
structure and make it more difficult for sound to penetrate.

Once you have sealed any leaks, you may need to further soundproof your space with a barrier or
soundproofing material such as the “acoustical wallpaper.” This material is durable, lightweight
and easy to install making it a great DIY solution. Once hung, the “wallpaper” can be primed and
painted over so no one will even know it’s there and can reduce airborne noise by up to 75%.

If your airborne sound problem is extreme, or if it is coming from inside the building itself via pipes
and other mechanical noise sources, it may require a more intricate fix. The Wall Blokker and Wall
Blokker Pro are engineered to mitigate a wide range of frequencies for superior noise reduction.
These sound reduction materials are designed for installation behind a finished wall during
construction or between an existing wall and a new layer of drywall during renovations.

If your airborne sound problem is coming from above, a similar product exists for your ceiling. The
Drop Ceiling Noise Blokker is the best solution for combating noise from above by blocking the
transmission of sound waves through the ceiling.
Structure-borne sound

Sound is caused by vibrations which transmit through a medium and reach the ear or some other
form of detecting device. Sound is measured in loudness (decibels (dB)) and frequency (Hertz (Hz)).
Sound in the built environment tends to be structure-borne or airborne.

Structure-borne sound results from an impact on, or a vibration against, a part of a building fabric
resulting in sound being radiated from an adjacent vibrating surface. A typical example of structure-
borne sound is footsteps on a floor which can be heard in a room below.

Structure-borne sound comprises five processes:

Generation – the source of an oscillation.

Transmission – the transfer of oscillatory energy from the source to the structure.
Propagation – the distribution of energy throughout the structural system.
Attenuation - when waves moving through structures encounter structural or material changes
they can be partially reflected which reduces the energy transmitted, and so attenuates the sound.
Radiation – the emission of sound from an exposed surface.

Structure-borne sound and airborne sound are sometimes considered to be separate entities but
they are closely related. Structural vibrations may radiate from surfaces, creating airborne sound,
and airborne sound may cause an element of the building fabric to vibrate when it encounters a
surface.
 Structure-borne sound can be reduced by:

•Carpets and pads.

•Resilient underlay – which can have a similar effect to carpets and pads. Generally, they are made
from recycled rubber, rigid fibreglass, foam or other such materials.
•Resilient mounts, sound clips or spring ceiling hangers.
•Soundproofing compounds. Typically the compound is applied between two rigid materials, such
as subflooring. The compound dissipates the vibrations caused by sound waves as they move
through the structure.
•A suspended ceiling system, raised floor or secondary wall structure.
•High mass constructions that include cavities or offset constructions to prevent transmission of
vibrations.

Careful consideration must be given to structure-borne sound when designing buildings. However,
the nature of structure-borne sound varies significantly depending on the source of the vibration,
the composition of the structure through which it transmits, the radiating surface and the
character of the receiving space. This is a complex subject and the design of sensitive spaces such
as recording studios can benefit from the advice of an acoustic consultant.

SECURITY SYSTEMS IN A BUILDING

A security system designed to detect intrusion unauthorized entry into a building or area.
Security system are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for protection
against burglary or property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders
TYPES OF SECURITY SYSTEMS
1. Access control
Access control is a security technique that regulates who or what can view or use resources in a
computing environment. It is a fundamental concept in security that minimizes risk to the business
or organization
.
There are two types of access control:
•Physical
•Logical.

Physical access control limits access to campuses, buildings, rooms and physical IT assets.
Logical access control limits connections to computer networks, system files and data.

To secure a facility, organizations use electronic access control systems that rely on user credentials,
access card readers, auditing and reports to track employee access to restricted business locations
and proprietary areas, such as data centers. Some of these systems incorporate access control
panels to restrict entry to rooms and buildings as well as alarms and lockdown capabilities to
prevent unauthorized access or operations.

Access control systems perform identification authentication and authorization of users and entities
by evaluating required login credentials that can include passwords, personal identification numbers
(PINs), biometric scans, security tokens or other authentication factors. Multifactor authentication,
which requires two or more authentication factors, is often an important part of layered defense to
protect access control systems.
2. Surveillance Security Systems

Worried that an intruder might find his way to your treasured possessions? Although you can insure
almost anything and everything today, what about beautiful memories like photos or gifts from loved
ones? Can you put a price on that? Losing a memory or a family heirloom could be both tragic and
frustrating. However, with the right steps, it could be avoided.

So the question is, can your security system keep an eye on your home when you are not around? If
you hesitated in answering that question, then you should rethink your strategy.
Here is a statistic: In 2012 Property Room (Online Police Auction Service) reported that jewelry was
the third most stolen item in the US.
Surveillance systems, as the name suggests, are designed to keep an eye and cover blind spots in
your house or workplace.
These systems primarily consist of security cameras that generally include the following
components:

•Cameras – the surveillance unit

•Cables– wires to connect cameras with monitors and power adapters
•Power Distribution Block or Power Adapter–power supply unit
•Monitors– screens for surveillance
•Video recorder (DVR)–hard drive for storage

The cameras perform different functions depending on the type of surveillance system being used.
Some provide real-time feed, some record and store all the footage while others provide a
combination of both.
3. Motion Sensor Security Systems
A motion sensor (or motion detector) is the linchpin of your security system, because it’s the main
device that detects when someone is in your home when they shouldn’t be. A motion sensor uses
one or multiple technologies to detect movement in an area. If a sensor is tripped, a signal is sent to
your security system’s control panel, which connects to your monitoring center, alerting you and the
monitoring center to a potential threat in your home.

The Role of Motion Sensors in Your Home Security

The main purpose of motion detection is to sense an intruder and send an alert to your control
panel, which alerts your monitoring center. Sensors work when you are not home, or when you tell
the system you are not there. Some security systems can be programmed to record events via a
security camera when motion is detected.

Motion sensors stand guard, ready to react to various situations, such as movement in your living
room, windows or doors being opened or closed, or a broken window.

Motion sensors can:

Alert you in the event that your teen breaks curfew
Trigger a doorbell when someone approaches the front door
Alert you when kids enter restricted areas in the home, like the
basement, workout room, or medicine cabinet
Save energy by using motion sensor lighting in unoccupied spaces
Notify you if pets enter areas where they’re not supposed to be
Types of Motion Sensors

Passive Infrared (PIR)

Detects body heat (infrared energy). Passive infrared sensors are
the most widely used motion in home security systems. When
your system is armed, your motion sensors are activated. Once
the sensor warms up, it can detect heat and movement in the
surrounding areas, creating a protective “grid.” If a moving
object blocks too many grid zones and the infrared energy levels
change rapidly, the sensors are tripped.

Dual Technology Motion Sensors

Motion sensors can have combined features in an attempt to
reduce false alarms. For example, a passive infrared (PIR)
sensor could be combined with a microwave sensor. Since each
operates in different areas of the spectrum, and one is passive
and one is active, Dual Technology motion sensors are not as
likely as other types to cause false alarms, because in order
for the alarm to be triggered, both sensors have to be tripped.
However, this does not mean that they never cause false alarms.
 4. Fire Detection Security Systems
Fire detection systems are permanently installed manual and automatic systems to detect fires at an
early stage, warn those affected and quickly inform the relevant emergency service.
Fire detection systems are mostly installed in buildings particularly at risk such as airports, train
stations, universities, schools, business and factory premises, residential homes for the elderly and
hospitals. The building permit issued by the building inspectorate or the insurance cover specified by
the VdS states whether there is an obligation to install a fire detection system connected to the fire
brigade.

5. Physical barrier
Physical barriers such as fences, walls, and vehicle barriers act as the
outermost layer of security. They serve to prevent, or at least delay,
attacks, and also act as a psychological deterrent by defining the
perimeter of the facility and making intrusions seem more difficult.
Tall fencing, topped with barbed wire, razor wire or metal spikes are
often emplaced on the perimeter of a property, generally with some
type of signage that warns people not to attempt entry. However, in
some facilities imposing perimeter walls/fencing will not be possible
(e.g. an urban office building that is directly adjacent to public
sidewalks) or it may be aesthetically unacceptable (e.g. surrounding a
shopping center with tall fences topped with razor wire); in this case,
the outer security perimeter will be defined as the
walls/windows/doors of the structure itself

6. Physical guard
A security guard (also known as a security inspector, security officer, or protective agent) is a
person employed by a government or private party to protect the employing party’s assets (property,
people, equipment, money, etc.) from a variety of hazards (such as waste, damaged property, unsafe
worker behavior, criminal activity such as theft, etc.) by enforcing preventative measures. Security
guards do this by maintaining a high-visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions,
looking (either directly, through patrols, or indirectly, by monitoring alarm systems or video
surveillance cameras) for signs of crime or other hazards (such as a fire), taking action to minimize
damage (such as warning and escorting trespassers off property), and reporting any incidents to their
clients and emergency services (such as the police or paramedics), as appropriate.
ALARM SYSTEM
An alarm is a device that makes a loud sound or other indication as a warning or signal.
In the construction industry, alarms are typically used to alert people to potential danger or damage.

There are several different types of building alarm, including:

Accessible toilet alarm: Allows occupants to call for assistance.
•Carbon monoxide detector: Electrochemical sensing technology sounds an alarm if carbon
monoxide is detected. Many carbon monoxide alarms are combined with smoke alarms in one
device.
•Deterrence alarm: A high-pitched sound that is particularly audible to younger people, can be
used as a form of hostile architecture.
•Fire alarm: Gives early warning of developing fires to enable evacuation.
•Flood alarm: Senses the presence of water and can provide early warning of leaks, i.e.
in pipework or boilers.
•Intruder alarm: Detects attempted intrusion or unauthorised entry into a building, room, site or
secure installation and triggers a response. Some burglar alarms are simple auditory warnings, while
others are linked to surveillance cameras, light systems, and remote monitoring
by security companies.
•Heat alarm: Have fixed-temperature elements and respond to the temperature of
the fire gases in the immediate vicinity of the heat alarm.
•Lift emergency alarm: Sounds an alarm in the event of a passenger lift breakdown to alert
personnel.
•Multi-sensor alarm: Detect more than one fire phenomena, for example optical
and heat detection.
•Smoke alarm: Can be optical (detect the scattering or absorption of light within the detector
chamber) or ionisation (more sensitive to smoke containing small particles such as rapidly burning
flaming fires but are less sensitive to steam
ALARMS THAT CAN BE OPERATE
Residential Fire Alarm Systems

Single-station smoke alarm most common type of residential fire alarm system

Includes both a smoke detection device and an audible alarm within a single unit

Smoke alarms can be battery powered or hard-wired to a 110-volt electrical system.

Up-to-date codes require a smoke alarm in every bedroom and on every floor level.

Many home fire alarm systems are part of security systems.

Ionization Versus Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

Ionization detectors are triggered by the invisible products of combustion.
Photoelectric detectors are triggered by the visible products of combustion.

Ionization detectors Photoelectric detectors

Manual Initiation Devices

•Designed so that building occupants can activate the

fire alarm system

•Primary manual initiation device is the manual fire

alarm box or manual pull-station.
Smoke Detectors
•Designed to sense the presence of smoke

•Most common are ionization and photoelectric detectors.

Heat Detectors
•Can provide property protection

•Used where smoke alarms cannot be used

•Often installed in unheated areas

•Generally very reliable and less prone to false alarms

than smoke alarms

Flame Detectors
•Specialized devices that detect the electromagnetic
light waves produced by a flame

•Complicated and expensive

Automatic Sprinkler Systems

•In most automatic sprinkler systems, the sprinkler

heads open one at a time as they are heated to their
operating temperature.

•One of the major advantages of a sprinkler system is

that it can function as both a fire detection system and
a fire suppression system.

Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems

•Finely powdered agents

•Agent kept in self-pressurized tanks or in tanks with

an external cartridge of carbon dioxide.

•Manual discharge button also provided so that

workers can activate the system if they discover a
fire.