SUBGRADE SOIL AND

AGGREGATES
MOHAMMED ISMAIL UL HAQ -3GN16CV060
 SUBGRADE SOIL?

A SUBGRADE IS A NATIVE SOIL

WHICH IS COMPACTED OR
STABILIZED TO WITHSTAND LOAD
ABOVE IT. THE TOP FORMATION
OVER THE SUBGRADE CAN
INCLUDE PAVEMENTS OR SLAB
OVER THE GROUNDS. IT IS ALSO
KNOWN AS THE FORMATION LEVEL.
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES

STABILITY
GOOD DRAINAGE
STRENGTH
NO PAVEMENT SETTLEMENT
EASE OF COMPACTION
MINIMUM CHANGE IN VOLUME AND STABILITY UNDER
ADVERSE CONDITION
 SOIL CLASSIFICATION BY HRB

 HRB OR HIGH RESEARCH BOARD CLASSIFIED SOIL ON THE BASIS OF BOTH

PARTICLE SIZE COMPOSITION AS WELL AS PLASTICITY CHARACTERISTICS
 SOIL IS DIVIDED INTO 7 PRIMARY GROUPS THAT BEING A1,A2,A3…..A7
 GROUP A1 IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO 2 SUB GROUPS
 GROUP A2 DIVIDED INTO 4 SUBGROUPS
 HRB
CLASSIFICATION
o A CHARACTERISTIC GROUP
INDEX IS USED TO DESCRIBE
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
SOIL FOR PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION.
o GROUP INDEX DEPENDS ON
AMOUNT PASSING
THROUGH 75 MICRON SIEVE,
PLASTIC AND LIQUID LIMIT
OF SOIL USING A STANDARD
SET OF EQUATION.
o A1 SOIL IS MIXTURE OF WELL GRADED STONE FRAGMENTS, FINE
SAND AND NON PLASTIC OR SEMI PLASTIC SOIL BINDER.
o A2 GROUP CONTAINS A WIDE RANGE OF GRANULAR SOILS.
o A3 CONSISTS OF UNIFORMLY GRADED MEDIUM OR FINE SAND AND
STREAM DEPOSITED POORLY GRADED SAND AND GRAVEL.
o A4 CONSISTS OF SILTY SOIL PLASTIC OR NON PLASTIC IN NATURE
o A5 INCLUDES SILTY SOIL WHICH IS HIGHLY ELASTIC AND
COMPRESSIBLE
o A6 THESE GROUP OF SOILS ARE PLASTIC CLAY
o A7 ARE ALSO CLAYEY SOIL BUT WITH HIGH PERMEABILITY AND HIGH
PLASTIC AND LIQUID LIMIT COMPARED TO A6
 AGGREGATE IS A COLLECTIVE
TERM USED FOR MATERIALS LIKE
AGGREGATES SAND, GRAVEL, CRUSHED
STONES ETC.
AGGREGATES CAN EITHER BE
NATURAL OR MANUFACTURED

S
PROPERTIES AND TESTS

 DESIRABLE AGGREGATE
PROPERTIES-  TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED-
 STRENGTH  CRUSHING TEST
 HARDNESS  ABRASION TEST
 IMPACT VALUE  IMPACT TEST
 RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING  SOUNDNESS TEST
 SHAPE OF AGGREGATE  SHAPE TEST
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY  SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST
 WATER ABSORPTION  WATER ABSORPTION TEST
 CRUSHING TEST

 IT GIVES THE LOAD AT WHICH THE AGGREGATES FAIL OR

CRUSH DEFINING ITS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.
 SAMPLE OF AGGREGATES PASSING 12.5 MM AND RETAINED
ON 10 MM SIEVE IS OVEN DRIED FOR 3-4 hrs AT 100-110° C .
 THE CYLINDER IS FILLED WITH THE AGGREGATES IN 3 EQUAL
LAYERS EACH LAYER TAMPED 25 TIMES.
 NOTE THE WEIGHT AND APPLY A CONSTANT LOAD OF 40
TONNES AT A UNIFORM RATE OVER 10 MIN.
 TAKE THE CRUSHED AGGREGATES AND SIEVE IT THROUGH
2.36 MM SIEVE AND WEIGH THE AMOUNT OF AGGREGATES
PASSING.
 CRUSHING VALUE IS FOUND USING THE GIVEN FORMULA.
 LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST

 IT IS THE MEASURE OF AGGREGATE TOUGHNESS OR

HARDNESS OR ABRASION RESISTANCE TO CRUSHING
WEATHERING OR DISINTEGRATION.
 A TEST SAMPLE IS CLEAN DRIED AND WEIGHED W1
(DEPENDING ON GRADE OF AGGREGATE).
 6-12 STEEL BALLS ALONG THE TEST SAMPLE IS PUT IN THE
ABRASION CYLINDER AND THE MACHINE IS ROTATED
AT 30-33 REV/MIN, NO OF REVOLUTION DEPENDS ON
THE GRADE OF AGGREGATES 500 FOR A-D AND 1000
FOR E-G GRADE.
 AFTER DESIRED REVOLUTION THE SAMPLE IS TAKEN AND
SIEVED ON 1.7 MM SIEVE AND RETAINED SAMPLE IS
WEIGHED W2 AND ABRASION VALUE IS CALCULATED.
GRADING OF SAMPLE
 IMPACT TEST

 IMPACT VALUE DEFINES THE STRENGTH OF AGGREGATES

AGAINST SUDDEN LOAD OR FORCE.
 AGGREGATES PASSING THROUGH 12.5 MM AND
RETAINED ON 10 MM SIEVE IS TAKEN AND OVEN DRIED
 POUR THE AGGREGATE INTO THE 3 EQUAL LAYERS AND
EACH LAYER TAMPED 25 TIMES, WEIGH THE CYLINDER AS
W1
 A METAL HAMMER OF 14 KG IS ALLOWED TO FALL FROM
AN HEIGHT OF 380 MM ONTO THE AGGREGATES FOR 15
TIMES.
 AFTER THAT THE AGGREGATES ARE PASSED THROUGH
2.36 MM SIEVE AND WEIGHED AS W2.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER
ABSORPTION TEST
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST OF AGGREGATES IS
DONE TO MEASURE THE STRENGTH OR QUALITY
OF THE MATERIAL WHILE WATER ABSORPTION
TEST DETERMINES THE WATER HOLDING
CAPACITY OF THE COARSE AND FINE
AGGREGATES.
 WIRE MESH IS USED FOR AGGREGATES OF SIZE
GREATER THAN 6 MM
 PYCNOMETER FOR AGGREGATES FINER THAN 6
MM
 DENSITY BOTTLE FOR FINE AGGREGATES
 WATER ABSORPTION IS GIVEN BY (W3-W4)/W4
*100
o WIRE MESH
BUCKET
o PYCNO METER
o DENSITY BOTTLE
 FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION INDEX

 SHAPE OF AGGREGATE IS ALSO IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION FOR THE

CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT. AGGREGATE SHOULD NOT CONTAIN FLAKY AND
ELONGATED PARTICLES IN IT. IF THEY CONTAIN THIS TYPE OF PARTICLES, THEY WILL
AFFECT THE STABILITY OF MIX.
 THE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF AGGREGATES WHOSE LEAST DIMENSION IS LESS
THE 3/5 TH OF ITS MEAN DIMENSION IS CALLED AS FLAKINESS INDEX.
 THE PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE PARTICLES WHOSE GREATEST
DIMENSION IS 1.8 TH TIMES THEIR MEAN DIMENSION IS CALLED AS ELONGATION
INDEX.
 IN THIS TEST SHAPE TEST GAUGES ARE TAKEN AND MINIMUM OF 200 PIECES
CONTAINING SAMPLE IS PASSED THROUGH RESPECTIVE GAUGES. MATERIAL
PASSED ON THICKNESS GAUGE AND MATERIAL RETAINED ON LENGTH GAUGE IS
WEIGHED TO AN ACCURACY OF 0.1%.
THANK YOU