Enthalpy and

Thermochemical
Equations
 Enthalpy

a) Equation which shows the heat involved in a reaction

b) Thesum of the internal energy of a body or system and
the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure.
c) Measurement of the amount of heat evolved when a
chemical reaction takes place.
d) Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a
given amount of substance per one degree celsius. (J/ °C)
 Enthalpy

The sum of the internal energy of a body or

system and the product of its volume multiplied
by the pressure.
 ∆H= Hproducts - Hreactants
-∆H exothermic
heat contentreactants > heat contentproducts

+∆H endothermic
heat contentreactants < heat contentproducts
Enthalpy  ∆Hrxn does NOT
depend on the path
is a state it takes from
reactants to
function. products.
Thermochemical
Equations
 Thermochemical equation

a) Equation which shows the heat involved in a reaction

b) Determines
the heat of combustion, that is, the heat released
when a particular quantity of a compound is burned in oxygen.
c) Measurement of the amount of heat evolved when a chemical
reaction takes place.
d) Amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of a given
amount of substance per one degree celsius. (J/ °C)
 Thermochemical equation

a) Equation which shows the heat involved in a reaction

b) Determines
the heat of combustion, that is, the heat released
when a particular quantity of a compound is burned in oxygen.
c) Measurement of the amount of heat evolved when a chemical
reaction takes place.
d) Amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of a given
amount of substance per one degree celsius. (J/ °C)
 Example
Combustion of glucose
Combustion-
reaction of an organic substance
with O2 to produce Carbon dioxide
and water
Sample problem:

When one mole N2 reacts with one mole

of O2, two moles of nitrogen monoxide
are formed. In the process, 180.5 kJ of
heat are required. Write the
thermochemical equation for this
reaction.
Properties of heat of
reaction, ∆H
 ∆H
 Expressed in units of kJ/mole
 Extensive property
 Depends on the physical state of each
component. Thus, the state of every reactant
and products participating in the reaction must
be indicated.
Combustion of benzene
HESS’ Law
 HESS’ LAW

Statesthat the change in enthalpy for

any chemical reaction is constant,
whether the reaction occurs in one or
several steps.
 HESS’ LAW

in going from a particular set of

reactants to a particular set of
products, the change in enthalpy is
the same whether the reaction takes
place in one step or in a series of
steps.
 Thermochemical calculations

They may be reversed

They may be treated as algebraic
expressions (may be added, subtracted,
multiplied, or divided by a factor)
Example:

 Formation of Carbon Dioxide

Oxidation of Nitrogen
to produce Nitrogen Dioxide
“ To calculate the ∆H
of the specific
reaction, ”
1. Look for the formulas that appear
only once among the equations,
and place it in the right place just as
in the desired equation.
2. Note the number of moles of each
reactant and products in the
desired equation.
3. Manipulate the equations with known ΔH
values so that the number of moles of
reactants and products are on the correct
sides as in the desired equation. Do not
forget to:
a. Change the sign of ΔH when the equation is
reversed.
b. b.
Multiply/divide the number of moles and
ΔH by the same factor.
4.Add the manipulated equations, cancelling terms
that are common to both sides of the equation to
obtain the desired equation. Algebraically add the
ΔH values to get the final ΔH, or change in
enthalpy of the desired equation.
Heat of
Formation
 Standard enthalpy of formation

 The change in enthalpy that accompanies the

formation of 1 mole of a compound from its
elements with all substances in their standard
states.
 The superscript zero on a thermodynamic
function indicates that the corresponding
process has been carried out under standard
conditions.
 Definitions of Standard States

 1. For a gas, the pressure should be exactly 1 atm.

 2. For a substance present in a solution, concentration should be
exactly 1 M at an applied pressure of 1 atm.
 3. For a pure substance in a condensed state (liquid or solid), the
standard state is the pure liquid or solid.
 4. For an element the standard state is the form in which the
element exists (is most stable) under conditions of 1 atm and the
temperature of interest (usually 25°C).
QUIZ
3. Given the hypothetical thermochemical equation:
A + B —> C + D ΔH = - 430 kJ
Which among the following statements is correct about this
reaction?

a. The reaction is endothermic.

b. The equation may be written as A + B + 430 kJ  C + D
c. The heat content of C and D is greater than the heat
content of A and B.
d. The heat content of A and B is greater than the heat
content of C and D.