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5967366
5967366
Introduction
A pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The
mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via a prime mover such as an
electric motor. The energy is used to increase the pressure of the fluid
passing through the pump, allowing it to overcome frictional losses and
other loads in the circuit.
There are two broad classifications of pumps:
1. Positive Displacement Pumps
2. Dynamic Pumps
Fxv
Hydraulic
Cylinder
Fxv Fxv
Suction Compression
Day 1 - Session A 4
Dynamic Pumps
TANK
Piston Pump Operation
Piston movement to the left creates a High Pressure
partial vacuum in the pump cavity, Outlet
causing check valve 2 to close and
check valve 1 to open. This allows
atmospheric pressure to push the
fluid out of the oil tank and into the
Suction
pump cavity through the inlet line.
Flow continues as long as the piston is
moving to the left
When the piston stops at the end of
the stroke, pressure in the cavity
increases, causing check valve 1 to Atmospheric pressure
QT VD N
3 3
m m rev
min rev min
Gear Pump: Volumetric Displacement and
Theoretical Flow Rate
VD Do2 Di2 L
4
Do outerdi a mterof the gea rteeth(m)
Di i nnerdi a mterof the gea rteeth(m)
L wi dthof the gea rteeth(m)
nt (m3 )
VD vol umetri cdi s pl a ceme
Gear Pump: Volumetric Displacement and
Theoretical Flow Rate
QT VD N
Q Internal
P
Loss
Q
N
Gear Pump: Volumetric Efficiency
QA
v
QT
Gear Pump: Volumetric Efficiency
The volumetric efficiency for
P Internal Loss
positive displacement pumps
operating at design pressure is Theoretical
usually about 90%. It drops rapidly Actual Flow Flow Curve
if the pump is operated above its Curve
design pressure because pressure
increases the clearances though
which leakage takes place.
Q
Pump manufacturers usually specify
the volumetric efficiency at the
pump rated pressure, which is the
QA
v
design pressure at which the pump
may operate without causing
mechanical damage to the pump, QT
and does not produce excessive
leakage.
Gear Pump: Volumetric Efficiency
Operating the pump above its rated pressure produces excessive leakage and can
damage the pump by distorting the casing and overloading the shaft bearing.
Gear Pump: Volumetric Efficiency
Pump operation above its rated pressure could occur when a high resistance to
flow is encountered. This could result from a large actuator load or a closed
(blocked) valve in the pump outlet line.
Gear Pump: Volumetric Efficiency
Positive displacement pumps are usually protected from high pressure by diverting
pump flow to the oil tank through a pressure relief valve.
Example Gear Pump: Mizuhata Miniature Gear Pump
Dimensions: 25 x 25 x 10 mm
Used as a lubrication pump to drive oil for lubricating machine tools.
Flow rate of 3 ml/min with pump speed of 1750 to 3450 rpm
Can accommodate fluids of varying viscosity (32-1300mm2/s)
Low to medium pressure head (2500-4000 psi) ~ (15,000 – 25,000 kPa).
Gear Pump: Helical and Herringbone Gear
Gear pumps utilizing spur
gear teeth design could
develop severe vibrations and
noise at high pump speeds
due to sudden teeth contact
in spur gears.
To reduce noise and produce
smoother operation, helical
gears are sometimes
employed. Helical gears,
however, are limited to low
pressure applications (below
1500 kPa) because they
produce excessive axial
thrusts due to the action of
the helical gear.
Gear Pump: Helical and Herringbone Gear
Herringbone gear pumps eliminate
end thrust and can be used to
develop a pressure up to 3000 psi
~(20,000 kPa).
Herringbone gears consist of two
rows of helical teeth cut into one
gear. One of the rows of each gear
is right handed, while the other is
left handed. This arrangement
cancels out axial thrust force.
Herringbone gear pumps operate as
smoothly as helical gear pumps, and
provide greater flow rates, because
they could be run at higher speeds.
They also produce less pulsating
action because of the higher speeds.
Internal Gear Pump
The internal spur gear drives the
outside ring gear which is set off
center. Between the two gears on
one side is a crescent-shaped
spacer around which oil is carried.
The inlet and outlet ports are
located in the end plates between
where the teeth mesh and the
ends of the crescent-shaped
spacer.
Internal Gear Pump
In operation, the internal gear drives the
external ring gear and makes a fluid tight seal
at the place where the teeth mesh.
Rotation causes the teeth to unmesh near the
inlet port, the cavity volume to increase, and
suction to occur. Oil is trapped between the
internal and external gear teeth on both sides
of the crescent-shaped spacer and is carried
from the inlet to the outlet cavity of the pump.
Meshing of the gear teeth reduces the volume
in the high pressure cavity near the outlet port
and fluid exits from the outlet port.
Wear on internal gear pumps has a tendency
to reduce the volumetric efficiency more
quickly than on external gear pumps. They are
used mostly for lubrication and charge pumps
at pressures under 1000 psi.
Internal Gear Pump
The internal gear drives the
external ring gear and makes a
fluid tight seal at the place where
the teeth mesh.
Rotation causes the teeth to
unmesh near the inlet port, the
cavity volume to increase, and
suction to occur. Oil is trapped
between the internal and external
gear teeth on both sides of the
crescent-shaped spacer and is
carried from the inlet to the outlet
cavity of the pump. Meshing of
the gear teeth reduces the volume
in
Gerotor Pump
This pump operates very much like
the internal gear pump. The inner
gear rotor (gerotor) is power driven
and draws the outer gear rotor
around as they mesh together.
The tips of the inner and outer rotors
make contact to seal the pumping
chambers from each other.
The inner gear has one tooth less
than the outer gear, and the
volumetric displacement is
determined by the space formed by
the extra tooth in the outer rotor.
The gerotor pump is a compact and
simple pump with only two moving
elements.
Screw Pump
In a screw pump, three
precision ground
screws meshing within
a close fitting housing
deliver non pulsating
flow quietly and
efficiently.
The screw pump is an
axial flow positive
displacement unit.
The two symmetrically
opposed idler rotors
act as rotating seals,
confining the fluid in a
succession of closures
or stages.
Screw Pump
The idler rotors are in
a rolling contact with
the central power
rotor, and are free to
float in their
respective housing
bores in a
hydrodynamic oil film.
There are no radial
bending loads on the
rotor set, and axial
hydraulic forces are
balanced, which
eliminates the need
for a thrust bearing
Lobe Pump
This pump operates in a fashion
similar to the external gear pump.
But unlike the external gear pump,
both lobes are driven externally
and they do not actually contact
one another. They are therefore
quieter in operation than other
types of gear pumps.
Due to the smaller number of
mating elements, lobe pumps
have a higher volumetric
displacement than other types of
gear pumps of the same size and
speed. They will, however,
produce a higher amount of
pulsation.
Vane Pump
Vane Pump
The rotor contains radial slots
and is splined to the drive shaft.
The rotor rotates inside a cam
ring. Each slot contains a vane
designed to mate with the
surface of the cam ring as the
rotor turns.
Centrifugal forces keep the
vanes in contact with the cam
ring. During rotation, the
volume increases between the
rotor and the cam ring near the
inlet and decreases near the
outlet. This causes a continuous
suction and ejection of the fluid
from the inlet port to the
discharge port.
Vane Pump: Volumetric Displacement
The maximum volumetric displacement
of the pump is the volume between
the rotor and the cam ring when the
eccentricity is maximum
DC di a mte rof ca mri ng(m)
DR di a mte rof rotor (m)
L wi dthof rotor (m)
nt (m3 )
VD vol ume tri cdi s pl a ceme
VD max DC
2 D2 L
R
4
VD max DC DR DC DR L
4
VD max DC DR 2emax L
4
VD max DC DR emax L
2
Vane Pump: Volumetric Displacement
If the eccentricity is less than the
maximum, the theoretical volumetric
displacement is
e : eccentricity (m)
VD DC DR eL
2
Some vane pumps have provision for
mechanically varying the eccentricity.
Those pumps are called variable
displacement pumps. A handwheel,
or a pressure compensator can be
used to move the cam ring to change
the eccentricity. The direction of flow
through the pump can be reversed by
movement of the cam ring on either
side of center.
Pressure Compensated Vane Pump
In a pressure compensated vane pump, system pressure acts directly on
the cam ring via a hydraulic piston on the right side as shown. This forces
the cam ring against the compensator spring-loaded piston on the left
side of the cam ring.
Pressure Compensated Vane Pump
If the discharge pressure is large enough, it overcomes the compensator
spring force, and shifts the cam ring to the left, reducing the eccentricity. If
the discharge pressure continues to increase, zero eccentricity is finally
achieved, and the pump flow becomes zero. Such a pump has its built-in
protection against pressure buildup.
Flow –Rate Pressure Curve of a Pressure
Compensated Vane Pump
Pcutoff
e=0 e = emax
Pressure Compensated Vane Pump
The pressure at which the
hydraulic force piston P
force is equal to the Slope determined by stiffness of
compensator spring force compensator spring
is called the cutoff Pdeadhead
pressure, Pcutoff. The
eccentricity is below its Pcutoff
maximum value at a
pressure above Pcutoff.
The pressure at which the P-Q Curve of a pressure
eccentricity is zero is called compensated vane pump
A balanced vane
pump is one which
has two intakes and
two outlets
diametrically
opposite each other.
This produces
complete hydraulic
balance and
minimum side load is
exerted on the
bearings. This permits
the pump to operate
at a higher pressure.
Balanced Vane Pump
Instead of the
circular cam ring, a
balanced design
vane pump has an
elliptic housing,
which forms two
separate pumping
chambers on
opposite sides of
the rotor.
One disadvantage
of a balanced vane
pumps is that it can
not be designed as
a variable
displacement unit.
Piston Pump Types
A piston pump works on the
principle that a reciprocating
piston can draw in fluid when
it extends out of a cylinder
bore, and discharges it when
it retracts into the bore. This Suction
principle can be applied to
pump fluid, but the resulting
flow will suffer from large
pulsations.
In order to reduce pulsations,
a series of reciprocating
piston pumps working with a
time shift between them
need to be utilized.
Compression
Piston Pump Types
There are two mechanical arrangements which allows a set of pump
to work with a time shift between them. The axial piston pump, and
the radial piston pump.
Axial Piston Pump (Bent Axis Pump)
In this pump, the pistons are at an angle to the drive shaft and Thrust Plate.
The piston block shaft is connected to the drive shaft by a universal joint.
The drive shaft, thrust plate, piston block shaft, and piston block all revolve.
The connecting rods are attached to the thrust plate and revolve with it.
The outlet ports are semi-circular holes in the Valve Plate, shown on the far
right of the animation on edge and in a head-on view below, right.
As the pump revolves, half the pistons suck in fluid as they pass over the
intake port. The other pistons discharge their fluid through the outlet port.
Axial Piston Pump (Bent Axis Pump)
nt (m3 )
VD vol umetri cdi s pl aceme
QT vol umefl owra te(m3/mi n)
tan S D
S D tan
VD YAS YAD tan
QT VD N DANY tan
Radial Piston Types
The working pistons extend in a radial
direction symmetrically around the drive
shaft, in contrast to the axial piston pump.
The stroke of each piston is caused by a
rotating block which houses the pistons. The
pistons are held against a fixed ring which is
placed eccentrically to the rotating block. The
pistons are held against the ring by centrifugal
force or by a set of springs.
The inlet and outlet ports are placed in the
center cavity in the rotating block. The
placement is dependent on the direction of
eccentricity between the rotor and the ring.
In the figure shown, the inlet port is placed in
the upper part where suction takes place, and
the outlet port in the lower part, where
compression takes place.
Volumetric Displacement and Theoretical Flow Rate
E eccentri city, m
S pi s tons troke,m
D pi s tonci rcl edi a meter,m
Y numberof pi s tons
A pi s tona rea(m2 )
nt (m3 )
VD vol umetri cdi s pl aceme
QT vol umefl owra te(m3/mi n)
SE
VD YAS YAE
QT VD N DANE
Pump Performance
Pump Performance
Pump performance
is primarily a
function of the
precision of its
manufacture.
This influences both
the mechanical Suction
efficiency and the
volumetric
efficiency of the
pump.
Compression
Volumetric Efficiency
PQT T TT TT
m
ATA ATA TA
I
I dB 10 log
Io
I the intensity of sound under considerat ion W/m 2
I o the intesnity of a sound at the threshold of hearing 10-12 W/m 2
I dB the intensity of sound under considerat ion in units of decibels
Sound Intensity Levels (dB)
I dB 10 log I I o
Sound
Intensity in
Significance
decibels
(dB)
0 Weakest intensity that an average human ear can hear = 10-12 W/m2
(Reference sound intensity level)
1 The smallest change in intensity that can be detected by most people
Vane 65 – 85
Piston 60 – 80
Screw 50 – 70
Pump Cavitation
Determine the flow rate requirements. This involves calculating the flow rate
necessary to drive the actuator to move the load through a specified distance
within a given time limit.
Pump Selection
Select the system pressure. This ties in with the actuator size and the
magnitude of resistive forces produced by external loads on the system. Also
involved here the total amount of power to be delivered by the pump.
Pump Selection
Determine the pump speed and select the prime mover. This together with
the flow rate calculation, determines the pump size (volumetric displacement)
Pump Selection
Select the pump type based on the application (gear, vane or piston pump,
and fixed or variable displacement)
Pump Selection
Select the reservoir and the associated plumbing, including piping, valving,
filters and strainers, and other miscellaneous components.
Pump Selection
Consider factors such as pump noise levels, power loss, need for a heat
exchanger due to generated heat, pump wear and scheduled maintenance
service to provide a desired life of the total system.
Pump Selection