Hydraulics and pneumatics

Prepared by Er. Dharma Maharjan

 Hydraulic principles
1. Liquids have no their own shape, they take
the shapes of vessels where they pour.
2. Liquids are practically incompressible.
3. Liquids transmit applied pressure in all
directions.
4. Liquids provide great increase in work force
or they multiply the applied force.
 Hydraulic pump
• A hydraulic pump is a device which converts
mechanical power into hydraulic energy
(hydrostatic energy i.e. flow, pressure). It
generates flow with enough power to
overcome pressure induced by the load at the
pump outlet. It works as heart of human
being.
 Types of hydraulic pump
• Types of hydraulic pump
1. Gear pump
2. Vane pump
3. Piston pump
4. Screw pump
 Types of pumps
• Types of gear pump
a. External gear pump
b. Internal gear pump
c. Ge-rotor pump
 External gear pump
• External gear pump
 External gear pump
• Gear pump
 External gear pump
• External gear pump has two external gears
meshing with each other . Meshing teeth
helps to prevent back flow from delivery or
outlet side to suction side.
• They are fixed displacement pump .They are
simple and economical pumps. The swept
volume or displacement of gear pumps for
hydraulics will be between about 1 and 200
milliliters.
 External gear pump
• They have the lowest volumetric efficiency (
η v ≈ 90 % ) of all three basic pump types
(gear, vane and piston pumps).
External gear
Displacement volume of gear pump
Gear pump
Flow rate of gear pump
 Power and flow rate
• Flow rate in US gal/min = Pump Capacity ×
rpm

• Power in hp = US gal/min × (lbf/in³)/1714

 Internal gear pump
• Internal gear pump
 Internal gear pump
• Internal gear pump
Internal gear pump
 Gerotor pump
• Ge-rotor pump
 Characteristics of pumps
• Efficiency
 Internal gear pump
• Efficiency of internal gear pump
Differentiate between gear pump and
variable displacement pump
 Vane pump
• Vane pump
 Unbalanced Vane pump
• Working of Vane pump
 Balanced vane pump
• Balance vane pump
 Characteristics of vane pump
• Efficiency: fig. Overall efficiency for a vane
pump driven at 1800 rpm.
 Axial Piston pump
• Axial Piston pump
 Axial Piston pump
• Axial piston pump
Axial piston pump
 Axial Piston pump
• Axial piston pump
Characteristics of pumps
Characteristics of bent axis motor

• Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency of Gear pump
Pump efficiency
efficiency
Pump calculation
 SI unit
• P=Power in watt or N-m/s
• n=rev/sec
• Swept volume in m3
• Pressure in n/m2
• T= torque in N-m
Pump selection
Pump selection
Selection of pump
Pump calculation
Pump calculation
Characteristics of piston motor
 Actuator
• An actuator is a component of a machine that
is responsible for moving and controlling a
mechanism or system, for example by opening
a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover".
• An actuator requires a control signal and a
source of energy. The control signal is
relatively low energy and may be electric
voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic
pressure, or even human power.
 Actuator
• Its main energy source may be an electric
current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic
pressure . When it receives a control signal, an
actuator responds by converting the signal's
energy into mechanical motion.
 Hydraulic actuator
• Hydraulic Actuator is a device which converts
pressure or fluid energy into mechanical
energy to do work.
Hydraulic actuator
Hydraulic actuator
Hydraulic actuator
Linear actuator (cylinder)
Types of linear actuator
Types of cylinder
Types of cylinder
 Gear motor
• kk
geromotor
Vane motor
Rotary vane actuator
Bent axis Piston motor
Piston motor
Difference between pump and motor
Difference between pump and motor
Difference between pump and motor
 Valves
• Valves are devices which control hydraulic
system. Valve are thVe controls of hydraulic
system.
• They control or regulate pressure, direction and
volume of fluid flow in the hydraulic circuits.
Types of valves:
1. Pressure control valve
2. Directional control valve
3. Volume control valve
 Types of valves
1. Pressure control valve:
a. Pressure relief valve
b. Pressure reducing valve
c. Pressure sequence valve
d. Unloading valve
2. Directional control valve
a. Check valve
b. Spool valve
 Types of valves
c. Rotary valves
d. Pilot controlled poppet valve
e. Electro-hydraulic valve
3. Volume control valve
a. Compensated and non compensated control
valves
b. Flow divider valve
 Hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic fluid is the working medium in hydraulic
system which transfer force or power provided by
pump to actuator (Cylinder or motor) to do work .
Hydraulic fluid :
a. Transfer force or power or energy
b. Lubricate components
c. Cools components
d. Cleans hydraulic system.
 Hydraulic fluid
• ISO Designation of hydraulic oils
• International Standardization Organization (ISO)
established a viscosity grading (VG) system for
industrial hydraulic oils. According to the system
hydraulic oils are designated by the letters ISO
followed by a number equal to the oil viscosity
measured in centistokes at 40°C (104°F): ISO VG
32, ISO VG 46 etc.
 Hydraulic fluid
• The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unit
less measure of the change of viscosity with
temperature, mostly used to characterize the
viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating
oils. The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is
affected by changes in temperature.
 Properties of hydraulic fluid

Viscosity index Classification

Under 35 Low
35 to 80 Medium
80 to 110 High
Above 110 Very high
 Types of hydraulic fluid
1. Mineral hydraulic fluid
2. Synthetic hydraulic fluid
3. Vegetable hydraulic fluid