Lecture 11 – Analysis and

Design
February 7, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
One-way Slab design
Resistance Factors and Loads
Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beam
 Unknown section dimensions
 Known section dimensions
Pattern Loads
Using influence lines to determine pattern
loads

 Largest moments in a continuous beam or

frame occur when some spans are loaded
and others are not.

 Influence lines are used to determine which

spans to load and which spans not to load.
Pattern Loads

Influence Line: graph of variation of

shear, moment, or other effect at one
particular point in a structure due to a unit
load moving across the structure.
Pattern
Loads
Quantitative
Influence
Lines
 Ordinate are
calculated
(“exact”)

MacGregor (1997)
Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines
 Mueller-Breslau Principle

 Used to provide a qualitative guide to

the shape of the influence line
Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines (cont.)
 For moments

 Insert pin at location of interest

 Twist beam on either side of pin
 Other supports are unyielding, so
distorted shape may be easily drawn.
 For frames, joints are assumed free to
rotate, assume members are rigidly
connected (angle between members
does not change)
Qualitative Influence Lines
The Mueller-Breslau principle
can be stated as follows:
If a function at a point on a
structure, such as reaction, or
shear, or moment is allowed to
act without restraint, the
deflected shape of the structure,
to some scale, represents the
influence line of the function.
Pattern Loads
Qualitative Influence Lines

Fig. 10-7 (b,f) from MacGregor (1997)

Pattern Loads
Frame Example:
• Maximize +M at point B.
• Draw qualitative
influence lines.

• Resulting pattern load:

“checkerboard pattern”
Pattern Loads
Arrangement of Live Loads – (ACI 318-
02, Sec. 8.9.1)
 It shall be permitted to assume that:
 The live load is applied only to the floor
or roof under consideration, and
 The far ends of columns built integrally
with the structure are considered to be
fixed.
Pattern Loads
Arrangement of Live Loads – ACI 318-
99, Sec. 8.9.2:
 It shall be permitted to assume that the
arrangement of live load is limited to
combinations of:
 Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on two adjacent spans.
 Factored dead load on all spans with full
factored live load on alternate spans.
Moment
Envelopes
The moment envelope
curve defines the extreme
boundary values of
bending moment along the
beam due to critical
placements of design live
loading.

Fig. 10-10; MacGregor (1997)

Moment
Envelopes Example
Given following beam with a dead load of 1 k/ft and
live load 2 k/ft obtain the shear and bending moment
envelopes
Moment
Envelopes Example
Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
5

Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL 4

kips
2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(ft)

80
150
60 100
40
50
20 0
kips

0 -50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
k-ft

-20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-100
-40 -150
-60 -200
-80 -250
ft ft

Shear Diagram Moment Diagram

Moment
Envelopes Example
Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
1.4

Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL 1.2

0.8

k/ft
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft

20 40
15
20
10
5 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
kips

0
k-ft

-20
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-40
-10
-15 -60

-20 -80
ft ft

Shear Diagram Moment Diagram

Moment
Envelopes Example
Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
5

Wu = 1.2wD + 1.6wL
4.5
4
3.5
3

k/ft
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft

50 200
40
150
30
20 100
10 50
0
kips

k-ft
0
-10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-20 -50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-30 -100
-40
-150
-50
-60 -200
ft ft

Shear Diagram Moment Diagram

Moment
Envelopes Example
The shear envelope
Moment
Envelopes Example
The moment envelope
Moment Envelope

200

100

0
k-ft

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-100

-200

-300
ft

Minimum Moment Maximum Moment

Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients
Approximate moments and shears
permitted for design of continuous
beams and one-way slabs
Section 8.3.3 of ACI Code
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients -
Requirements:
Two or more spans
Approximately Equal Spans
 Larger of 2 adjacent spans not greater than

shorter by > 20%

Uniform Loads
LL/DL  3 (unfactored)
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients - Requirements:
( cont.)
Prismatic members
 Same A, I, E throughout member length

Beams must be in braced frame without significant

moments due to lateral forces
 Not state in Code, but necessary for coefficients to

apply.

** All these requirements must be met to use the

coefficients!**
 Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients – Methodology:

2 wu = Total factored dead and live

M u  Cm ( wu ln ) load per unit length
Cm = Moment coefficient
Cv = Shear coefficient

 wu ln  ln = Clear span length for span in

Vu  Cv   question for –Mu at interior
 2  and Vu
face of exterior support, +Mu

ln = Average of clear span length

for adjacent spans for –Mu at
interior supports
Approximate Analysis of Continuous
Beam and One-Way Slab Systems
ACI Moment and
Shear
Coefficients

See Section 8.3.3

of ACI Code
 Example
Design the eight-span east
west in figure. A typical 1-ft
wide design strip is shaded. A
partial section through this
strip is shown. The beams are
assumed to be 14 in. wide.
The concrete strength is 3750
psi and the reinforcement
strength is 60 ksi. The live
load is 100 psf and dead load
of 50 psf.
 Example – One-way Slab
Use table 9.5(a) to determine the minimum
thickness of the slab.  12 in 
l  15 ft    180 in
 ft 
l 180 in.
End bay: min . h =   7.5 in.
24 24
l 180 in.
Interior bays: min h =   6.43 in.
28 28
Use 7.5 in.
 Example – One-way Slab
Compute the trial factored loads based on thickness.
 1 ft  lb lb
wD  7.5 in  150 3  93.75 2
 12 in  ft ft
Factored load
wu  1.2wD  1.6wL  1.2  50 psf + 93.75 psf   1.6  100 psf 
 332.5 psf
Check ratio for 8.3.3
wL  3wD OK!
Example – One-way Slab
Compute factored external moment.
wU L 332.5 psf  15 ft 
2 2

MU    6801. lb-ft/ft
C 11
 81.61 k-in/ft
Nominal moment

M U 81.61 k-in/ft
MN    90.68k-in/ft
 0.9
 Example – One-way Slab
The thickness is 7.5 in. so we will assume that the bar
is located d = 7.5in – 1.0 in. = 6.5 in. (From 3.3.2 ACI
318 0.75 in + ~0.25 in( 0.5*diameter of bar) = 1.0 in
Assume that the
 a
M N  T  d    As f y  0.9d  moment arm is 0.9d
 2
MN 90.68 k-in/ft
As    0.258 in 2 /ft
f y  0.9d  60 ksi  0.9  6.5 in  
 Example – One-way Slab
Recalculate using As = 0.2 in2
As f y 0.258 in.  60 ksi 
a   0.405 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85  3.75 ksi   12 in 
 a MN
M N  As f y  d    As 
 2  a
fy  d  
 2
90.68 k-in/ft
As 
 0.405 in. 
 60 ksi   6.5 in.  
 2 
 0.240 in 2 /ft
 Example – One-way Slab
Check the yield of the steel

a 0.405 in.
c   0.476 in.
1 0.85
 d c  6.5 in.  0.476 in. 
t     cu    0.003
 c   0.476 in. 
 0.038  0.005
Steel has yielded so
we can use  = 0.9
 Example – One-way Slab
Check to minimum requirement for every foot
As 0.24 in.
   0.00301
bd  12 in.  6.5 in.
 200 200
 f  60000  0.00333
 y
 min    min  0.00333
 3 f c  3 3750  0.0031
 fy 60000
 Problem!
 Example – One-way Slab
What we can do is rework the spacing between the bars
by change b Use a #4 bar As = 0.2 in2

As As 0.2 in 2
 b   9.23 in.
bd  d  0.00333  6.5 in.
Use b = 9 in.
 Example – One-way Slab
Check for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement for
min = 0.0018 As = minbh from 7.12.2.1 ACI

As   min bd  0.0018  12 in.  7.5 in.  0.162 in 2 /ft

0.2 in 2
2 
spacing = 12 in. =14.8 in.
0.162 in

Use 1 # 4 bar every 9 in.

Homework

Homework problems on the web