Manufacturing

Processes
ALVAREZ
DOGELIO
BELLOC
ABRAHAM
COROD
 THE EVOLUTION OF
MANUFACTURING

The importance of material processing is

confirmed by the given names to certain ages
of history.
The 3 major eras of human history are the Stone Age,
Bronze Age and the Iron Age. These materials dominated
tool and product development over a long period of history.

Manufacturing in early civilizations was limited to work

people using the strength in their hands and arms.
1. Stone Age
This is the earliest
known stage of
human culture. This is
the stage when people
found they could
increase their abilities
to shape materials by
using crude tools
made of stones or
bones.
2. Bronze Age
-The practice of
casting copper and
working bronze
became highly
developed.
-Also the ability to
produce high quality
pottery was
developed.
3. Iron Age
-During the time of
the Roman Empire,
iron slowly replaced
bronze as the basic
materials for use.
-Iron working skills
and wrought iron
took became common.
 The main techniques used to
shape and size materials were
called the HUMAN-
CENTERED.
After the Dark Ages of European History, a major change
took place. Machines started replacing new artisans. This
era became known as the industrial revolution.

- Workers began working in central locations called

factories.
- The task of making products was divided into parts
- There were managers employed to organize and
supervise the production of products.
- The Industrial Revolution totally changed how products
were made.
 OBTAINING RAW
MATERIALS

HARVESTING EXTRACTING

Fishing Forestr
Farming
y Farming Forestry

Raw materials are obtained from the earth or

oceans through harvesting or extracting.
These are some of the activities of primary
processing
 Primary Processing

The first series of steps in making a product

from natural resources are called Primary
Processing.
The raw material must be located and
recovered from earth or oceans. The
material is obtained by Harvesting or
Trees and farm crops are seeded, grow to maturity, and
Extracting.
are harvested. Fish reproduce, grow and caught. Likewise,
minerals and liquids are located within the earth or
under
Here, the sea. is changed into
the material
industrial stock.
Primary Processing uses thermal(heat), mechanical,
and chemical means to convert raw materials into
industrial stock.

The desired output of primary processing mills is

called the Standard Stock or the Industrial Stock.

For example, lumbers must be cut shaped and

assembled before it becomes a chair on which you sit.
Plastic resin must be heated and molded before you
can use it as a drinking cup. Steel must be cut, shaped
and assembled before it becomes a bicycle.
 Secondary Processing

The act of changing industrial materials

into finished products is called Secondary
Processing.
The output of primary processing activities
form inputs for secondary processing.

Secondary processing factories use six types or families

of processes in producing products. These processes are;
Casting and molding , Forming, Separating,
Conditioning, Assembling and Finishing.
 Six Processes of
Secondary Processing
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid
material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to
solidify.
Molding is the process of manufacturing by shaping
liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a
mold or matrix. This itself may have been made using a
pattern or model of the final object. A mold is the
counterpart to a cast.
 forming
Many materials can be given size and shape
through a group of processes called Forming.
In forming, the weight of the material is
unchanged. Only its size and shape changed.
Almost all metals, plastics and ceramic can be
formed.
 separating
A third group of processes, which give
materials new sizes and shapes.
These processes produce a desired form
removing excess material and the
unneeded stock is cut sheared away.
Separating process, which remove
material are often called Machining
Operations.
 conditioning
Conditioning Process that changes the internal
structure of a material. Through this, the
material can be made harder, softer or ductile.
These changes maybe brought about by heat,
pressure or chemicals that developed to change
the internal structure of materials.
 assembling

Assembling is the process of assembling,

putting together, a final product from finished
parts or partially assembled units.
It is also creating products from parts.

Often, several parts are put together to make a

segment of a still larger product. This portion of
the final product is called a Subassembly.
Putting all the parts and the subassemblies
together creates a final assembly or product.
 finishing
Some materials are not particularly beautiful.
They may lack color or gloss. They require a
protective coating not only to add beauty but to
extend product life. These coatings are applied
by finishing processes. Generally, finishing
activities are done after the material is sized and
shaped.
Manufacturing, Technology, and
the Future

•Change come out rapidly, in
just one time animal power
was replaced with gasoline
engine power. Custom
handcrafting was replaced
with automation, and mass
production.
•Things are
different now and
will continue be.
There are radical
advances in
computer
hardware and
software.
•But we do not
have to be victims
of change. We can
adapt and grow
with it if we look
to the future.
•“This is the first
day of the rest of
 Emerging technologies
• Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as educational
technology, information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, cognitive science,
psycho-technology, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
• The next several decades will divide major advances in two field of studies which
is physics and molecular biology.
• Advances in physics will allow computers to increase in speed. New computer
memories will be developed that will be based on human brain function. New silicon
memory systems that can see, hear, feel, and remember will appear on the market.
• Biotechnology, an offshoot of molecular biology, will also become a central
technology as it focuses on using organisms as part of a technological system. It is already
being used to develop disease resistant plants and natural pesticides. It is also being used
in industrial processes and in oil spill cleanup.
Management Values
and
Entrepreneurship
 Entrepreneurship is both the
 An entrepreneur is someone
study of how new businesses  The future should be bright
who organizes, manages,
are created as well as the actual
and assumes the risks of a for a new breed of
process of starting a new managers- the daring
business or enterprise.
business. The capacity and
An entrepreneur is an agent entrepreneurs of the future.
willingness to develop,
organize and manage a
of change.  Entrepreneurship and
business venture along with participatory management
any of its risks in order to make will bring manufacturing
a profit. team (workers, technical
people, and managers)
closer together.
 Materials

•Many materials are becoming scarce.
The supply of copper, lead, and
mercury could be exhausted in the
twenty-first century. Likewise, major
fuels, such as petroleum and natural
gas are being depleted. New materials
and energy source will be developed
as replacements. A wave of the future
will be engineered materials.
•Plastics and composites •Products will be
(especially, ceramic and
plastics reinforced with designed to use less
synthetic or carbon fibers) will material.
be the new materials of
choice. They will replace
metals in any products.
Manufacturing Methods and Processes

These system will be

used in manufacturing to This environment
monitor processes, check will allow for a
quality, and direct better process
machines and material control,
handling devices. weightless and
In another arena, pollution-free
artificial intelligence manufacturing will be environment
- a branch of AI is called in better harmony with will improve
expert system(ES). the environment. many processes.
 - Manufacturing will
-the product will move around the
be high quality globe as economic
and low price.

-those company,
conditions change.
- labor intensive
Products and
Consumer
products will be
producing this made in densely
product will populated, poor
remain nations.
competitive. They
will significantly - High-tech
lower costs by products will be
reducing scrap the domain of - Manufacturing
and need for developed efficiency will be
repairs. countries. the key to
economic
survival of every
country.
 Jobs and the
Many of the service
Worker
jobs will be related
to manufacturing.
Jobs will be more
service oriented.
Automation will
cut all the ranks of
blue collar worker.
They will be
replaced by “Steel-
collar” worker
robots and other
automated
machines. Therefore,
“Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with
what you can do.” – John Wooden