G L A S S

Alvarez
Buena
Dogelio
Reyes
Glass is made up of sand, soda ash and
limestone substances.
It is a hard material that is normally
breakable and transparent.
These substances are heated altogether
and the molecules bond that is formed
is a substance that we call glass.
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 Physical
Properties of
Glass
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 1.
Glass Is a Type of Solid
Material
Glass is a solid substance and in
solid objects, the molecule bonds
are tighter compared to a liquid
material. There is a less
movement among them in this
case.
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 .
It only means that glass is a type of
solid material that will not change its
shape unless it being heated to a
certain high temperature. When heated
glass is supple but if you will apply too
much pressure, it will also break..
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 2.
Glass Is Durable
Glass is durable due to the
strong bonds between the
molecules in it.

Its strength and its durability

mainly depend on its thickness.
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The thinner the sheets of the
glass, the easier it is to break
them. It is also hard to scratch
it since it requires a sharp object
in order to do this. It can hold a
liquid without breaking.
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 3.
Glass Is Static
Glass does not react with
other materials and will not
be a reactive to other
materials and will not be
decomposed by most acids.
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With this type of property, it
makes glass appropriate for
laboratories use and for storage
of acidic food and beverage.
Hydrofluoric acid and
concentrated acid are the only
acids that glass will react with.
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 4.
Glass Absorbs Heat
Glass absorbs and transmits
heat which means that if
you heat a glass then the
temperature of the contents
inside of it will react.
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TYPES OF GLASS
 Soda glass or soda-lime
glass
It is the most common variety of
glass. It is prepared by heating sodium
carbonate and silica. It is used for
making windowpanes, tableware,
bottles and bulbs.
 Coloured glass
Coloured glass is much in demand. It is
used for decorating walls, making
sunglasses, and for making light signals
for automobiles, trains and aeroplanes.

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Plate glass
◉ Plate glass is thicker than ordinary
glass. It has a very smooth surface.
It is made by floating a layer of
molten glass over a layer of molten
tin. It is used in shop windows and
doors. 18
 Safety glass
◉ It can also be called shatterproof glass. It is
made by placing a sheet of plastic such as
celluloid between sheets of glass. The special
quality of this glass is that in case of breakage
the broken pieces stick to the plastic and do
not fly off.
◉ It is used in automobiles. It is also used for
making bulletproof screens.
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Laminated glass
◉ It can also be called bulletproof glass.
Several layers of safety glass are bound
together with a transparent adhesive.
The larger the number of layers used the
greater is the strength of the glass. It is
stronger than safety glass. It is used in
aeroplanes and windshields of cars.
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Optical glass
◉ Optical glass is softer than any other glass.
It is clear and transparent. Potassium and
lead silicates are used in making optical
glass. It is also called flint glass. The main
use of flint glass is in the manufacture of
lenses, prisms and other optical
instruments.
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Pyrex glass
◉ Pyrex glass is highly heat resistant.
◉ In pyrex glass some of the silica is
replaced by boron oxide.
◉ Pyrex glass is also called borosilicate glass.
It has a high melting point and is resistant
to many chemicals. Laboratory equipment
and ovenware are made of pyrex glass.
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Photo-chromatic glass
◉ Photochromatic glass acquires a darker
shade when exposed to bright light and
returns to its original lighter shade in dim
light. This happens because silver iodinde is
added to this glass. (silver iodide gets
coloured with the intensity of light.)
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Lead crystal glass
◉ Lead crystal glass has high refractive index, and
so has the maximum brilliance. It sparkles and is
used for high quality art objects and for
expensive glassware. It is also called cut glass
because the surface of the glass objects is often
cut into decorative patterns to reflect light. In
order to increase the refractive index, lead oxide
is used as flux in crystal glass, therefore it is
also called lead crystal glass.
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Chemical
Properties of
Glass

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SILICA LIMESTONE SODA ASH
SiO2 CaCO3 Na2CO3

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27 www.thoughtco.com
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Chemical stability and resistance of
the glass to any chemical attack
depend on factors like the solution
type, exposure time and
temperature and condition of the
glass surface.

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 CRYSTALIZATION EFFECT ON
CHEMICAL DURABILITY

The chemical Durability of glasses can be

influenced by crystallization if the
crystalline phase has properties different
to those of the base glass.

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 Industrial
Application of
Glass
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 Glass making process
1.Obtain silica sand.
Also called quartz sand, silica sand is the primary ingredient in
making glass. Glass without iron impurities is sought for clear glass
pieces, as the iron will cause the glass to appear greenish when
present.
2.Add sodium carbonate and
calcium oxide to the sand.

Sodium carbonate (commonly

called washing soda) lowers
the temperature necessary to
make glass commercially.
However, it permits water to
pass through the glass, so
calcium oxide, or lime, is
added to negate this
property. Oxides of magnesium
and/or aluminum may also be
added to make the glass more
durable.
3.Add other chemicals, depending on the
glass's intended purpose.
The most common addition
for decorative glass is lead
oxide, which provides the
sparkle in crystal glassware, as
well as the softness to make
it easier to cut and also
lowers the melting point.
Eyeglass lenses may contain
lanthanum oxide because of its
refractive properties, while
iron helps glass absorb heat.

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4.Add chemicals to
produce a desired color in
the glass, if any.
As noted above, iron
impurities in quartz
sand make glass made
with it appear greenish,
so iron oxide is added
to increase the greenish
tint, as is copper
oxide.
5.Place the
mixture in a
good heat-
resistant
crucible or
holder

The container should be able to withstand the extremely

high temperature within the kiln - depending on your
additives, your glass mixtures may melt at a range of
temperatures between 1,500 and 2,500 degrees Celsius.
Your container should also be easily grasped with metal
hooks and poles.
6.Melt the mixture into a liquid
For commercial silica
glass, this is done in
a gas-fired furnace,
while specialty
glasses may be
created using an
electric-melter,pot
furnace or kiln.
7.Homogenize and remove bubbles
from the molten glass.
This means stirring
the mixture to a
consistent thickness
and adding chemicals
such as sodium
sulfate, sodium
chloride or antimony
oxide.
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8.Shape the
molten glass.

The molten glass

can be poured
into a mold and
let cool.
9.Slowly cool the glass in
a kiln.

This process is called

annealing, and it
removes any stress
points that may have
formed in the glass
during cooling.

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RAW MATERIALS FOR MAKING GLASS
◉ The major ingredients form over 90% of all types of
glasses are Lime (CaCO3), Sand (SiO2) and soda ash
(Na2CO3). The raw materials used in the manufacture
of glass can be broadly divided. into the following
categories:
◉ Acidic oxides
◉ Basic oxides
◉ Cullets and
◉ Colouring matter 43
1. ACIDIC OXIDES
◉ A large variety of acidic oxides can be
used. The choice depends upon the
quality of glass to be made. The various
acidic oxides that can be used are as
follows:
◉ Sand (SiO2). It forms silicates on fusion
with the other ingredients.
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Borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). It is a minor ingredient
which supplies B2O3. Besides its high fluxing
power, borax lowers the coefficient of expansion of
glass and adds to its chemical durability.
Phosphorus(V) Oxide, P2O5. It is used as
Na2HP04 or Ca3(PO4)2 and is added in
tableware glass for imparting bright appearance.
Arsenious oxide, As2O3. It is generally used to
remove air bubbles from the glass.
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 2.BASIC OXIDES
One of the basic oxides used are as follows:
◉ Limestone (CaCO3). It provides
CaO. Sometimes burnt dolomite
containing CaO and MgO is employed
as a substitute of lime.

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Feldspar. It is a naturally occurring mineral with a
formula Na2O. A12O3. 6SiO2 (soda feldspar) or
K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 (Potash feldspar). It is cheap, pure
and easily fusible. Feldspar is used as a flux, i.e., to
lower the melting point, and to retard denitrification
of glass.

Lead oxide. Litharge (PbO) or red lead (Pb3O4) is used

for the production of heavy and high quality flint glass,
which is used in optical instruments, tableware and
decorative articles.
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3. CULLET

◉ It is the crushed glass from

imperfect or defective articles or
their trimmings. It makes the
melting easy and also utilization of
waste.

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4. COLOURING MATTER
◉ Coloured glasses are obtained by adding certain
metallic oxide or salts in the fused mass. Various
colouring agents and the corresponding shades are
grouped as follows:
◉ Red : CdO (1.4%), Se (1 %)
◉ Ruby red : (i) Colloidal gold or ruby gold,
(ii) Cu20
◉ Light yellow : Cerium oxide (2%), Titanium oxide
(TiO2)
Deep blue : Cobalt oxide (CoO) (0.1%)
Greenish blue : Copper (II) oxide, CuO
Emerald green :Cr2O3 (0.15%), CoO
(0.001%)
Amber : FeS (0.3%)
Black : MnO2 + Fe2O3
Yellow : CdS

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Engineering Application
of Glass

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The application of glasses in engineering
design and architecture can have many
facets and innovative contributions to
many industries. Besides the window-type
applications, glass fibers are uses in
insulation, sound deadening, as fillers in
plastics, and as reinforcement in plastic
laminates and structural shapes.
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Glasses can be used to transmit or shield radiation.
Moreover photosensitive glasses for fluidic devices
are used in machine controls. Glasses are widely
used in the food industry because their chemical
resistance and many foods are processed in glass-
lined tanks. Probably the largest use of glass, yet
mostly ignored by designers and engineers, is the
construction industry. Glass has been used in
building construction since ancient time.

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Source of Failure
/ Deformation of
Glass
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Glass breakages and fracture diagnosis;
A wide range of failure types, including those due to:
1. Nickel Sulphide (NiS) Inclusions
2. Glass impacts and suspected vandalism
3. Thermal failures and thermal shock
4. Impact
5. Internal pressure
6. Vertical load
7. Glass Surface Delamination (of pharmaceutical vials,
ampoules, bottles and syringes);
8. Misting
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Thermal fracturing in glass occurs when
sufficient temperature differential is created
within glass. As a warmed area expands or a
cooled area contracts, stress forces develop
potentially leading to fracture. A
temperature differential may be created in
many ways including solar heating, space
heating devices, fire, hot and cold liquids.
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Sloping glass surfaces are subject to greater
solar radiation than vertical surfaces and so
are more prone to solar thermal fracture.
In framed window glass the edges are
relatively cooler than the exposed areas so
space heating devices in very close proximity
may cause thermal fracture.

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How to lessen the
Deformation of
Glass
 UNDERSTANDING HEAT
SOAK TESTING
Inevitably, heat soaking adds cost
but improves product quality and
consistency, reducing the use of
.

potentially faulty glass in the

manufacture of rooflight products.

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 LOOK OUT FOR A BUTTERFLY
PATTERN
All toughened glass, when broken, will display a
typical ‘butterfly’ pattern at the source of the
break regardless of the cause, including impact.

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Thanks!

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