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 THE EVOLUTION OF
MANUFACTURING

The importance of material processing is

confirmed by the given names to certain ages
of history.
The 3 major eras of human history are the Stone Age,
Bronze Age and the Iron Age. These materials dominated
tool and product development over a long period of history.

Manufacturing in early civilizations was limited to work

people using the strength in their hands and arms.
1. Stone Age
This is the earliest
known stage of
human culture. This is
the stage when people
found they could
increase their abilities
to shape materials by
using crude tools
made of stones or
bones.
2. Bronze Age
-The practice of
casting copper and
working bronze
became highly
developed.
-Also the ability to
produce high quality
pottery was
developed.
3. Iron Age
-During the time of
the Roman Empire,
iron slowly replaced
bronze as the basic
materials for use.
-Iron working skills
and wrought iron
took became common.
 The main techniques used to
shape and size materials were
called the HUMAN-
CENTERED.
After the Dark Ages of European History, a major change took place.
Machines started replacing new artisans. This era became known as the
industrial revolution.

- Workers began working in central locations called factories.

- The task of making products was divided into parts
- There were managers employed to organize and supervise the production
of products.
- The Industrial Revolution totally changed how products were made.
 OBTAINING RAW
MATERIALS

HARVESTING EXTRACTING

Fishing Forestr
Farming
y Farming Forestry

Raw materials are obtained from the earth or

oceans through harvesting or extracting.
These are some of the activities of primary
processing
 Primary Processing

The first series of steps in making a product

from natural resources are called Primary
Processing.
The raw material must be located and
recovered from earth or oceans. The
material is obtained by Harvesting or
Trees and farm crops are seeded, grow to maturity, and
Extracting.
are harvested. Fish reproduce, grow and caught. Likewise,
minerals and liquids are located within the earth or
under
Here, the sea. is changed into
the material
industrial stock.
Primary Processing uses thermal(heat), mechanical, and chemical
means to convert raw materials into industrial stock.

The desired output of primary processing mills is called the Standard

Stock or the Industrial Stock.

For example, lumbers must be cut shaped and assembled before it

becomes a chair on which you sit. Plastic resin must be heated and
molded before you can use it as a drinking cup. Steel must be cut,
shaped and assembled before it becomes a bicycle.
 Secondary Processing

The act of changing industrial materials

into finished products is called Secondary
Processing.
The output of primary processing activities
form inputs for secondary processing.

Secondary processing factories use six types or families

of processes in producing products. These processes are;
Casting and molding , Forming, Separating,
Conditioning, Assembling and Finishing.
 Six Processes of
Secondary Processing
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into
a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to
solidify.

Molding or moulding (see spelling differences) is the process of manufacturing by

shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a mold or matrix.
This itself may have been made using a pattern or model of the final object. ... A
mold is the counterpart to a cast.
Many materials can be given size and shape through a group of
processes called Forming.
In forming, the weight of the material is unchanged. Only its
size and shape changed.
Almost all metals, plastics and ceramic can be formed.
A third group of processes, which give materials new sizes and
shapes.
These processes produce a desired form removing excess
material and the unneeded stock is cut sheared away.
Separating process, which remove material are often called
Machining Operations.
Conditioning Process that changes the internal structure of a
material. Through this, the material can be made harder, softer
or ductile. These changes maybe brought about by heat,
pressure or chemicals that developed to change the internal
structure of materials.
Assembling is the process of assembling, putting together, a
final product from finished parts or partially assembled units.
It is also creating products from parts.

Often, several parts are put together to make a segment of a

still larger product. This portion of the final product is called a
Subassembly. Putting all the parts and the subassemblies
together creates a final assembly or product.
Some materials are not particularly beautiful. They may lack
color or gloss. They require a protective coating not only to add
beauty but to extend product life. These coatings are applied
by finishing processes.
Manufacturing, Technology, and
the Future

•Change come out rapidly, in
just one time animal power
was replaced with gasoline
engine power. Custom
handcrafting was replaced
with automation, and mass
production.
•Things are
different now and
will continue be.
There are radical
advances in
computer
hardware and
software.
•But we do not
have to be victims
of change. We can
adapt and grow
with it if we look
to the future.
•“This is the first
day of the rest of
 Emerging technologies
• Emerging technologies include a variety of technologies such as educational
technology, information technology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, cognitive science,
psychotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
• The next several decades will divide major advances in two field of studies which
is physics and molecular biology.
• Advances in physics will allow computers to increase in speed. New computer
memories will be developed that will be based on human brain function. New silicon
memory systems that can see, hear, feel, and remember will appear on the market.
• Biotechnology, an offshoot of molecular biology, will also become a central
technology as it focuses on using organisms as part of a technological system. It is already
being used to develop disease resistant plants and natural pesticides. It is also being used
in industrial processes and in oil spill cleanup.
Management Values
and
Entrepreneurship
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 Entrepreneurship is both the
 An entrepreneur is someone
study of how new businesses  The future should be bright
who organizes, manages,
are created as well as the actual
and assumes the risks of a for a new breed of
process of starting a new managers- the daring
business or enterprise.
business. The capacity and
An entrepreneur is an agent entrepreneurs of the future.
willingness to develop,
organize and manage a
of change.  Entrepreneurship and
business venture along with participatory management
any of its risks in order to make will bring manufacturing
a profit. team (workers, technical
people, and managers)
closer together.
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 World Map

Europe
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 The Process

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Defined as a greater likelihood that users will share content posted to their social
network many social media sites provide specific functionality
 Many materials are becoming scarce. The supply of copper, lead, and
mercury could be exhausted in the twenty-first century. Likewise,
major fuels, such as petroleum and natural gas are being depleted. New
materials and energy source will be developed as replacements. A wave
of the future will be engineered materials. Materials
 Plastics and composites (especially, ceramic and plastics reinforced
with synthetic or carbon fibers) will be the new materials of choice.
They will replace metals in any products.
 Products will be designed to use less material.
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Six Processes of Secondary Processing

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