Quiz

Linear Combinations
Linear Combinations
Arti Kombinasi Linier Secara Ilmu Ukur
 Defining Linear Combinations of
Vectors
• A linear equation, such as 4x + 3y + (–5z) + 6w
= 7, is made up of products and sums. The
variables are multiplied by coefficients, and
the products are then added together. A linear
combination of vectors is also the result of
products and sums. Multipliers are called
scalars to signify that scalar multiplication is
being performed, and the sums of the
products result in new vectors that have the
same dimension as those being multiplied
 Writing vectors as sums of other
vectors
• A linear combination of vectors is written y =
c1v1 + c2v2 + c3v3 + . . . + c vk where v1, v2,
k

v3, . . ., vk are vectors and ci is a real

coefficient called a scalar
Given a set of vectors with the same dimensions,
many different linear combinations may be formed.
And, given a vector, you can determine if it was
formed from a linear combination of a particular set
of vectors.
Example
In this case, the resulting vector has 0s for the first two elements. I was trying
to come up with a linear combination of the three vectors that makes all the
elements 0s in the resulting vector, and I couldn’t do it. In Chapters 6 and 7,
you see how to determine if a result of all 0s is possible and just how grand
it is to have all 0s for the result. For now, I’m just showing you the processes
and procedures for working with the combinations.
Determining whether a vector belongs
• When working with a set of vectors, the linear combinations of
those vectors are numerous. If you have no restrictions on the
values of the scalars, then you have an infinite number of
possibilities for the resulting vectors. What you want to determine,
though, is whether a particular vector is the result of some
particular linear combination of a given set of vectors.
• The scalars you seek are the multipliers of the vectors in the
set under consideration. Again, using the vectors v1, v2, and
v3, you write the equation x1v1 + x2v2 + x3v3 = b, where xi is
a scalar and b is the target vector.
Latihan :
Temukan V sebagai kombinasi linear dari u1, u2, u3
Latihan :
Temukan V sebagai kombinasi linear dari u1, u2, u3

Solusi :
Tentukan kombinasi linear V terhadap
Un
• U1 (1, 3, 5); U2 (-1, -2, -4); U3 (-1, -7, -9),
dimana V (1, 0, 2)

• U1 (1, 1, -1); U2 (0, -1, -1); U3 (1, 0 , 0),

dimana V (4, -1, 2)
• U1 (1, 3, 5); U2 (-1, -2, -4); U3 (-1, -7, -9),
dimana V (1, 0, 2)

• 1 0 5 | -2 1 0 1 | 1
• 0 1 -4 | -3 0 1 1 |5
• 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 0 |1

• U1 (1, 1, -1); U2 (0, -1, -1); U3 (1, 0 , 0),

dimana V (4, -1, 2)
 Recognizing when there’s no
combination possible
• Not every vector you choose is going to turn out to be a linear combination of a
particular set of vectors. But when you begin the process of trying to determine
the necessary scalars, you don’t know that a linear combination isn’t possible.
You’ll find out that there’s no solution after performing some row operations and
noting a discrepancy or impossible situation.
After performing some row
operations, you find that the last row
of the matrix has 0s and an 8. The
corresponding equation is 0x1 + 0x2
+ 0x3 = 8, or 0 + 0 + 0 = 8. The
equation makes no sense — it can’t
be true. So there’s no
solution to the system of equations
and no set of scalars that provide the
target vector. The vector b is not one
of the linear combinations possible
from the chosen set of vectors
 Searching for patterns in linear
combinations
• Many different vectors can be written as linear combinations of a
given set of vectors. Conversely, you can find a set of vectors to use
in writing a particular target vector
For example, if you want to create the vector
• The vector set and linear combination shown here are in no
way unique; you can find many different combinations and
many different vector sets to use in creating the particular
vector. Note, though, that my set of vectors is somewhat
special, because the elements are all either 0 or 1. (You see
more vectors with those two elements later in this chapter
and in Chapters 6 and 7.)
 Generalizing a pattern and writing a
vector set
• Sets of vectors can be described by listing all the vectors in
the set or by recognizing and writing a rule for a pattern.
When a set of vectors is very large or even has an infinite
number of members, a pattern and generalized rule is
preferable to describe all those members, if this is possible
 Visualizing linear combinations of vectors
Linear combinations of
vectors are represented
using parallel lines drawn
through the multiples of
the points representing the
vectors. In Figure 5-1,
you see the scalar
multiples of v1: −3v1,
−2v1, −v1, 2v1, and 3v1,
and multiples
of v2: −v2 and 2v2. You
also see the points
representing the linear
combinations:
−3v1−v2, −3v1+v2,
2v1−v2, and 2v1+v2.
 Describing the span of a set of vectors
• Consider a set of vectors {v1, v2, . . . , vk}. The set of all linear combinations of
this set is called its span. That set of linear combinations of the vectors is spanned
by the original set of vectors. Each vector in the span{v1, v2, . . . , vk} is of the form
c1v1 + c2v2 + . . . + ckvk where ci is a real number scalar.
• For example, if you have the set of vectors {v1, v2, v3} where
 Broadening a span as wide as possible
• A span of a vector set is the set of all vectors that are produced from linear
combinations of the original vector set. The most comprehensive or all
encompassing spans are those that include every possibility for a vector — all
arrangements of real numbers for elements

So, in general, if you

want to span all n × 1
vectors, your vector set
could look like the
following, where each
member of the set is
an n × 1 vector:
 Narrowing the scope of a span

For what value or values of d (if any) is the vector b in span{v1, v2}?

If b is in span{v1, v2}, then you’ll find a linear combination of the vectors

such that
Showing which vectors belong in a span
and its corresponding augmented matrix (refer to “Determining whether a
vector belongs”), the solution is c1 = 2, c2 = −4, and c3 = 1. So you find that a
linear combination of the vectors does produce the target vector. The vector
b does belong in the span
Writing a general format for all scalars used in a span
Spanning R2 and R3