1. Membrane that encloses the content of a cell (plasma membrane) 2. It is made of proteins and phospholipids 3. It forms a boundary which separates the content of a cell from the outer environment. 4. It is semi-permeable (selective barrier) which regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cytoplasm. 1. It is a rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane. 2. It is composed of cellulose, a tough and fibrous carbohydrate. 3. It is permeable to all fluids (contains tiny pores that allow substances to move freely into and out of the cell). 4. It gives shape to a plant cell and provides mechanical support. 5. It protects from rupturing due to excessive intake of water. 1. It is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. 2. It consists of a jelly-like materials in which the organelles of the cell are suspended. 3. It contains ions, organic and inorganic substances. 4. It acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cell. 5. It provides substances obtained from the external environment to the organelles. 1. It is a large, dense, spherical organelle enclosed by a nuclear membrane. 2. It contains the nucleoplasm and a dark spherical structure called the nucleolus. 1. Nucleoplasm contains chromatin (the form of chromosomes when the cell is not dividing). 2. Chromosomes carry genetic materials which determines the characteristics and functions of a cell. 3. It also control all the activities. 1. It is a fluid-filled sac which surrounded by tonoplast a semi- permeable membrane. 2. The fluid contained in a vacuole is called cell sap. 3. A typical plant cell has a large central vacuoles while a young plant cell has a numerous smaller vacuoles. 4. It acts as a storage place. 5. It contains water, organic acids, sugar, amino acids, mineral salts, waste substances, pigments and metabolic by products. 6. It support herbaceous plants from droop easily. 1. Paramecium sp. Have two vacuoles, namely the contractile vacuole and food vacuole. The contractile vacuole helps to regulate water balance. 1. It is a small spherical or cylindrical-shaped organelles. 2. It involved in cellular respiration. 3. The energy released is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphates). 1. It is a compact spherical organelles. 2. It attached to the surface of rough endoplasm reticulum or suspended freely in the cytoplasm. 3. It composes RNA and proteins such as enzymes by using information carried by the chromosomes. 1. It consists of a network of folded membranes forming interconnected tubules of sacs. 2. It is physically continuous with the nuclear membrane. 3. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) : a. Rough ER – has ribosomes attached to its surface It transport proteins made by the ribosomes. The proteins depart from the rough ER are enclosed in vesicles. It can be transported from one part of the cell to another. b. Smooth ER – does not have ribosomes attached to its surface This is site of important metabolic reactions, including synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs and poisons. 1. It consists of a stack of flattened membranes sacs. 2. It functions as a processing, packaging and transporting centre of carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins. 3. It transport vesicles carrying product (proteins) from the ER fuse with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus and empty the contents into the membranous space. These pots are modified as they pass through the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus will then sort these products and package them into vesicles. The vesicles containing these products bud off from the Golgi membrane and travel to other parts of the cell or to plasma membrane. The vesicles then fuse with plasma membrane before releasing their contents outside the cell. 1. It is a membrane bound sacs that contains hydrolytic enzymes. 2. These enzymes digest or breakdown complex organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. 3. They also eliminate worn out mitochondria and other damaged organelle to enable a cell to renew itself. 4. Lysosomes sometimes fuse with food vacuoles and dispense enzymes into these vacuoles to digest the contents of the vacuoles. It releases nutrients needed by the organisms. 5. It digests bacteria by breaking down the bacterial cell. 1. It is a pair of small cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus. 2. It is composed of a complex arrangement of microtubules. 3. It form spindle fibers during cell division in animal cell. 1. It is typically lens shaped. 2. It contains green pigment chlorophyll. 3. It traps sunlight and convert light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis. 4. It gives the green colour to the plants. Similarities in animal and plant cells Both have a nucleus, cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
Differences between animal cells and plant cells
Structure Animal cells Plant cells Shape Do not have a fixed shape. Have a fixed shape. Cell walls Do not have cell walls. Have cell walls. Chloroplasts Do not have chloroplasts. All green plants have chloroplasts. Vacuoles Do not have vacuoles. If Mature plant cells have a present, vacuoles are usually large central vacuole. small and numerous. Food storage Carbohydrate is stored in the Carbohydrate is stored in the form of glycogen. form of starch. Centrioles Have centrioles. Do not have centrioles. Types of cells Functions Organelles found abundantly or which occur in high density Sperm cells Require energy to propel Mitochondria through the uterus towards •Energy in the form of ATP is the Fallopian tubes, so that generated through a series of fertilistaion can take place. biochemical reactions during cellular Muscle cells Contract and relax to enable respiration when food substances are movement and flight. oxidised in the mitochondria. •ATP is an instant source of energy Cell in the Require large amounts of for these cells. meristems of energy during active cell plants division to produce new cells.
Palisade Absorb sunlight during Chloroplasts
mesophyll cells photosynthesis. Merismetic cells Palisade mesophyll cells Types of cells Functions Organelles found abundantly or which occur in high density Pancreatic cells Synthesise and secrete enzymes Rough endoplasmic reticulum and and hormones. Golgi apparatus. Cells in the Synthesise and secrete enzymes. salivary glands Intestinal Secretes digestive enzymes. epithelium Interstitial cells Synthesise and secrete steroids Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the testes and and hormones. adrenal glands Liver cells Carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification of drugs and poisons. Liver cells Testes cells Goblet cells in Secrete mucus Golgi apparatus the intestinal epithelium and respiratory tract Cells in the root Secrete a slimy lubricant that cap helps the movement of roots between soil particles