“MONITORING OF LOW

FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS
IN POWER SYSTEM”
Presented by:-
A 1. Javed Mustakim Borbora (E-25/16)
2. Syed Rounak Nishar (E-23/16)
SEMINAR 3. Pranab Jyoti Kalita (E-21/16)
PRESENTA 4. Arshad Asfak Hussain (E-24/16)
Under the guidance of:-
-TION ON Dr. Shekha Rai
PROJECT Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PART - I JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CONTENTS
 Introduction

 Literature Review
 Problem Formulation
 Proposed Methodology
 Simulation Process
 Analysis of Result
 Conclusion and Future Work
 References
INTRODUCTION
 The stability of a power system is its ability to develop restoring forces equal to or
greater than the disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium. The loss of
synchronism leads to instability.
 When instability occur in synchronous machines due to a small disturbance is
known as small signal instability. This type of instability caused by Low frequency
oscillations which are generator rotor angle oscillations having a frequency
between 0.1 -2.0 Hz.
 The root cause of these oscillations are the unbalance between power demand and
available power at a period of time.
 The LFO can be classified as local and inter-area mode-
Local modes are associated with the swinging of units at a generating station with
respect to the rest of the power system. Oscillations occurred only to the small part of
the power system.
Inter area modes are associated with swinging of many machines in one part of the
system against machines in other parts. It generally occurs in weak interconnected
power systems through long tie lines.
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. United Kingdom (1980), frequency of oscillation about 0.5 Hz.
2. Taiwan (1984, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992), frequency of oscillation around
0.78 – 1.05 Hz.
3. West USA/Canada, System Separation (1996), frequency of oscillation
around 0.224 Hz. Scandinavia (1997), frequency of oscillation about 0.5
Hz.
4. China Blackout on 6 March (2003), frequency of oscillation around 0.4
Hz.
5. US Blackout on 14 August (2003), frequency of oscillation about 0.17
Hz.
6. Italian Blackout on 28 September (2003), frequency of oscillation about
0.55 Hz.
PROBLEM FORMULATION
 Nowadays, large demand of power to the farthest end of the system that forces to
transmit huge power through a long transmission line, which results an
increasing power oscillations.
 A complete understanding of low frequency oscillations would help in finding
effective remedial measures and ways to control them.
 Detection of critical modes is of paramount importance to suppress the
oscillations, which would otherwise lead to system collapse or blackout.
 Several techniques such as FFT, ERA, Matrix Pencil are fail to provide the actual
modal parameters in real time.
 Prony method can directly estimate the signal’s frequency, phase, amplitude and
damping. The use of online based Prony algorithm so that it can provide a robust
estimate of the desired critical modes with noise.
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
 We have used a Prony based approach is used to estimate the low-frequency
oscillatory modes in power system.

 Prony method extracts valuable information from a uniformly sampled signal

and builds a series of damped complex exponentials or sinusoids. This allows
for the estimation of frequency, amplitude, phase and damping components of
a signal.

 The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated in the presence of

different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of test signal to detect natural frequencies
and attenuation factor.
MATHEMATICAL DEDUCTION
The Prony method approximates the signal s(n) as a set of exponential
components as shown below
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑠(𝑛) + 𝑤(𝑛)
= σ𝑀
𝑗=1 ∝𝑗 𝑒
𝛽𝑗 𝑛
+ w(n), n = 0,1,2 … , N − 1 (1)
Where 𝑤(n) is the noise added.
For real signal there are two complex conjugate exponents 𝛽𝑗 = 𝑏𝑗 ± 𝑖𝑤𝑗
Here 𝛼𝑗 , 𝑏𝑗 and 𝑤𝑗 are the amplitude, attenuation factor and frequency respectively.
The work of proposed model as shown in (2)

𝑦 1 𝑦 2 … 𝑦 𝐿 𝑔1
𝑦 2 𝑦 3 … 𝑦 𝐿+1 𝑔2
A= ⋮
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑦 𝑁−𝐿 𝑦 𝑁−𝐿+1 ⋯ 𝑦 𝑁−1 𝑔𝐿
 𝑦(0)
𝑦(1)
=− (2)
⋮
𝑦(𝑁 − 𝐿 − 1)

A.g = −h (3)

+
g =−𝐴 h (4)
Where, A, 𝐴+ and g represents the Hankel matrix, pseudo inverse of A and the
vector of backward prediction coefficient respectively. For this purpose, an index
described in has been used.

𝜁12 +𝜁22 +⋯+𝜁𝑖2

Q(i)= (5)
𝜁12 +𝜁22 +⋯+𝜁𝐿2
where Q(i) and 𝜁𝑖 are the monotonously increasing function and the singular value
of the i-th term respectively. The coefficients obtained from (4) is then used to
determine the 𝑧𝑗 as shown in (6)

1+𝑔1 𝑧 −1 + 𝑔2 𝑧 −2 + ⋯ + 𝑔𝐿 𝑧 −𝐿 = 0 (6)

Now since 𝑧𝑗 = 𝑒 −𝛽𝑗 , j = 1, 2, …….,L, the power system modes can be easily
identified. As from here 𝛽𝑗 can be calculate and which will give 𝑏𝑗 and 𝑤𝑗 the
attenuation and frequency of the signal.
SIMULATION PROCESS
 For Local and Inter area mode a test signal is passed through Prony
program code where at first, noises are added to the signal through noise
generator function.

 After the formation of Hankel matrix the Prony function is simulated for
10000 Monte Carlo cycles for both the modes to finding out the modes of
the signal which are frequency and damping.

 From the simulated damping matrix, we are finding the mean of data and
also variance of data is calculated to check deviation from actual value of
damping. These are also represented through figures. Similarly for
frequency mean, variance and figures are taken.
FLOWCHART OF THE ALGORITHM

Noise Hankel Matrix Prony

Test Signal Generation Form Function Call

Calculation of Mean
Estimating Damping
and standard
and Frequency
deviation
Analysis of Results
TABLE 1 FOR LOCAL MODE
TRUE VALUE: FREQUENCY = 1.8 Hz, ATTENUATION= - 0.1

SNR Damping Frequency

(dB)
Mean Variance Mean Variance

50 -0.1000 8.1616 e-09 1.8000 2.134 e-10

40 -0.1000 8.3701 e-08 1.8000 2.1201 e-09

30 -0.0998 7.9717 e-07 1.8000 2.1130 e-08

20 -0.0985 8.5116 e-06 1.8000 2.1192 e-07

Analysis of Results
TABLE 2 FOR INTER AREA MODE
TRUE VALUE: FREQUENCY = 0.5 Hz, ATTENUATION = -0.06
SNR Damping Frequency
(dB)
Mean Variance Mean Variance

50 -0.0600 6.0359 e-09 0.5000 1.6499 e-10

40 -0.0600 5.8193 e-08 0.5000 1.6160 e-09

30 -0.0598 5.9156 e-07 0.5000 1.5976 e-08

20 -0.0584 6.1614 e-06 0.5000 1.6454 e-07

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
I. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
A. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =50 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
I. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
B. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =40 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
I. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
C. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =30 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
I. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
D. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =20 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
II. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
A. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =50 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
II. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
B. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =40 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
II. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
C. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =30 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
II. GRAPH FOR LOCAL MODE
D. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =20 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
III. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
A. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =50 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
III. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
B. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =40 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
III. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
C. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =30 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
III. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
D. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMPING AT SNR =20 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
IV. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
A. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =50 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
IV. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
B. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =40 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
IV. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
C. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =30 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
IV. GRAPH FOR INTER AREA MODE
D. DISTRIBUTION OF FREQUENCY AT SNR =20 DB
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
 Table 1 and Table 2 shows mean and variance of attenuation factor and
frequency of the test signals corresponding to local mode and inter area mode
respectively.

 The proposed method is able to estimate the model parameters accurately as

depicted in the Tables. It has seen that for higher SNRs such as 30dB and 20dB
the result of damping and frequency deviated from its true value, so variance
increases.

 Hence, it has been concluded that as the SNR increases error will decrease.
CONCLUSION

The project is aimed to design a Prony based

estimator for Power System stability. The Prony
method provides an accurate estimate of modal
parameters as shown in the simulation results.
FUTURE WORK

Modification of existing Prony algorithm in

presence of high level noise and missing
data.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control,. New York: McGrawHill, 1994.
[2] J. Xiao, X. Xie, Y. Han, and J. Wu, “Dynamic tracking of low-frequency
oscillations with improved Prony method in wide-area measurement system,” in
Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, Jun 2004, pp. 1104–1109 Vol.1.
[3] P. Tripathy, S. C. Srivastava, and S. N. Singh., “A modified TLSESPRIT-based
method for low-frequency mode identification in power systems utilizing
synchrophasor measurements,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 719–
727, May 2011.
[4] M. He, V. Vittal, and J. Zhang, “Online dynamic security assessment with
missing pmu measurements: A data mining approach,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,
vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1969–1977, May 2013.
QUESTIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS
THANK
YOU