CITING RELATED

LITERATURE USING
STANDARD STYLES
LESSON 9
The need for Citing Sources
When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for two reasons:
1. To avoid plagiarism which is against the student code of conduct or ethical standards.
2. To assign proper authority to a statement(this adds weight to your paper)
3. Citation gives details of a scholarly publication's location, helping people find it quickly.
Referencing Sources
-Referencing your sources means systematically showing what information or
ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing from another author's work and
where they come from.
What is Plagiarism?
- Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of
another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the
representation of them as one's own original work. Plagiarism is considered
academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics.

Source: Wikipedia
Reasons for Referencing Sources
1. Adds authority to your work by supporting it with previous research.
2. Demonstrates reading and understanding of relevant literature.
3. Enables the reader to track down the original sources to check its quality.
4. Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by giving credit to the original authors.
Three main types of Citation :
APA (American Psychological Association)
APA (American Psychological Association) style originated in 1929, when a group of
psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a
simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific
writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.
As with other editorial styles, APA Style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes
to ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material. It concerns uniform use of such
elements as selection of headings, tone, and length, punctuation and abbreviations,
presentation of numbers and statistics, construction of tables and figures, citation of references,
and many other elements that are a part of a manuscript.
MLA (Modern Language Association)
MLA (Modern Language Association) style for documentation is widely used in the humanities,
especially in writing on language and literature. MLA style features brief parenthetical citations
in the text keyed to an alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of the work.
Chicago Citation style
Chicago is a documentation syle that has been published by the Chicago University Press since
1906. This citation style incorporates rules of grammar and punctuation common in American
English. Typically, Chicago style presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and
bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter
and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.
Citing Web Sites
Source
Web site with author
Web site with corporate author
Web site with unknown author
Page within a Web site (unknown author
Example Citation
Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February 28,
2018, from http.//www.safechild.org
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(SAMSHA). (2008, February 15) Stop underage drinking.
Retrieved February 29, 2008, from
http.//www.stopalcoholabuse.gov
Penn State Myths. (2006). Retrieved December
6, 2011, from http.//www.psoedu.ur/about/myths
Global Warming solutions. (2007, May 21). In union of concerned
scientists. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from
http.//www.ucsusaorg/global warming/solutions
Citing Books
Source Example Citation
Book by a single author Rollin, B.E. (2006). Science and ethics. New York, NY: Cambridge
University Press.

Book by two authors Sherman, C. , & Price, G. (2011). The invisible web: Uncovering
information sources search engines can't see. Medford, NJ:
Cyber Age Books.

Book by three or more authors Goodpaster, K.E., Nash, L.L., & Betignies, H. (2006)
Business ethics: Policies and person (3rd ed.)

Book by a corporate author American Medical Association. (2004). American Medical

Association family medical guide (4th ed.)

Article or chapter within an edited book Winnie, PH. (2001). Self-regulated learning viewed from
models of information processing. In B.J. Zimmerman & D.H.
Schuk (Eds), self-regulated learning and academic achievement
(2nd ed, pp 160-192). Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Eribaum
Citing articles from print periodicals
Sources Example citation

Article in monthly magazine (include volume number if given) Swedin, E.G.(2006, May/June). Designing babies: A eugenics
race with China? The Futurist.

Article in a weekly magazine (include volume number if given) Wiill, G.G. (2004, July 5) Waging war on Wal-Mart. Newsweek.

Article in a daily newspaper Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury convicts man in drunk
driving death. Centre Daily Times., PIA.

Article in a scholarly journal Stock, C.D., & Fisher, P.A. (2006). Language delays among foster
children: Implications from policy and practice. Child Welfare,
85 (3).
THE END.