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Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics
8/26/2005
U 0
DU 1 2
p U ui u j
Dt Re
Reality
AFD, U m CFD, U s U SM
2
U SN
2
u r0
Integration for average velocity and using EFD data to adjust constants:
2log Re f 1 2 .8
1
f
57:020 Fluid Mechanics 14
Analytical Fluid Dynamics
• Example: turbulent flow in rough pipe
Both laminar sublayer and overlap layer
are affected by roughness
Inner layer: u u y k
Outer layer: unaffected
1 y
Overlap layer: u ln constant
k
Three regimes of flow depending on k+
1. K+<5, hydraulically smooth (no effect of roughness)
2. 5 < K+< 70, transitional roughness (Re dependent)
3. K+> 70, fully rough (independent Re)
For 3, using EFD data to adjust constants:
1 y 1 k D
u ln 8.5 f Re Friction factor: 2log
k f 3.7
1 k D 2.51
1
2log 12
f 2 3.7 Re f
Definition:
Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids
engineering systems, including full and model scales, large and table
top facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data acquisition
and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and
similarity.
EFD philosophy:
• Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the
expected test outcome, to achieve the test objectives within allowable
uncertainties.
• Integration of UA into all test phases should be a key part of entire
experimental program
• test design
• determination of error sources
• estimation of uncertainty
• documentation of the results
Picture of Karman vortex shedding Tropic Wind Tunnel has the ability to create
temperatures ranging from 0 to 165 degrees
Fahrenheit and simulate rain
Application in teaching
Pitot tube
Load cell
Hotwire 3D - PIV
57:020 Fluid Mechanics 23
Data acquisition system
Hardware
Software - Labview
= F(T )
w w
a = F(Ta )
DATA REDUC
Q = F(z DM ) EQUATIO
2
gD
5 w
f = F( , , z , Q) = (z - z )
w a SM 8LQ
2 a SM i SM j
2 g w
u (r )
z SM Stag r z SM Stat
a
f EXPERIMEN
B f , Pfequations
Example of data reduction RESULT
ELEMENTAL
ERROR SOURCES
INDIVIDUAL
1 2 J MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
X X X MEASUREMENT
1 2 J OF INDIVIDUAL
B ,P B ,P B,P VARIABLES
1 1 2 2 J J
DATA REDUCTION
r = r (X , X ,......, X ) EQUATION
1 2 J
r EXPERIMENTAL
B, P RESULT
r r
Initialize data
Install model acquisition Data reduction Estimate Evaluate fluid
software equations precision limits physics
Prepare
measurement Store data
systems
DES,
Re=105, Iso-
surface of Q
criterion (0.4)
for turbulent
flow around
NACA12 with
angle of attack
60 degrees
LES of a turbulent jet. Back wall shows a slice of the dissipation rate and the
bottom wall shows a carpet plot of the mixture fraction in a slice through the jet
centerline, Re=21,000 (D. Glaze).
57:020 Fluid Mechanics 36
Numerical methods
• Finite difference methods: y
using numerical scheme to x
jmax
approximate the exact derivatives
in the 2PDEs j+1
P Pi 1 2 Pi Pi 1
j
x 2 x 2 y
j-1
P
2
Pj 1 2 Pj Pj 1
y 2 y 2
o i-1 i i+1 imax x
• Finite volume methods
• Grid generation: conformal
mapping, algebraic methods and
differential equation methods
• Grid types: structured,
unstructured
• Solvers: direct methods (Cramer’s
rule, Gauss elimination, LU
decomposition) and iterative
methods (Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel,
SOR)
Slice of 3D mesh of a fighter aircraft
57:020 Fluid Mechanics 37
CFD process
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing
Boundary Numerical
Conditions Scheme
Initial
Conditions
Overall Purpose Hands-on student Hands-on student experience Hands-on student experience with
experience with table-top with complementary EFD, CFD, complementary EFD, CFD, and UA
facility and simple MS for and UA for Introductory Pipe for Introductory Airfoil Flow,
fluid property Flow, including friction factor including lift and drag, surface
measurement, including and mean velocity measurements pressure, and mean and turbulent
comparison manufacturer and comparisons benchmark wake velocity profile measurements
values and rigorous data, laminar and turbulent flow and comparisons benchmark data,
implementation standard CFD simulations, modeling and inviscid and turbulent flow
EFD UA verification studies, and simulations, modeling and verification
validation using AFD and EFD. studies, and validation using AFD and
EFD.
Educational Materials FM and EFD lecture; lab FM, EFD and CFD lectures; lab FM, EFD and CFD lectures; lab
report instructions; pre lab report instructions; pre lab report instructions; pre lab questions,
questions, and EFD questions, and EFD and CFD and EFD and CFD exercise notes.
exercise notes. exercise notes.
Lab Report Instructions EFD lab report Instructions CFD lab report Instructions
UA(CFD) Lecture