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Chapter 8 Trickling Filters
Chapter 8 Trickling Filters
“ATTACHED
GROWTH
BIOLOGICAL
REACTORS”
Trickling filters : a reactor in which randomly
packed solid forms provide surface area for
biofilm growth.
Filter medium
Underdrain system
Filter medium
(i) Provide a surface for biological growth
Filter medium
(ii) Provide voids for passage of liquid and air
Filter medium
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Rotary distributor
Provides uniform hydraulic load on the filter
surface
Underdrain system
Carry away the treated wastewater and the
sloughed biomass
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Disadvantages
- Not as efficient as newer treatment
methods - limited future
- Large land requirement
- Variations in effluent quality
- Odour problems, filter flies
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• Often operated in series to increase
the effective contact time with the
biofilm.
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Biotower
Traditional trickling
filters
• Effectively prevents blockage
• Ensures an adequate flow of air
Design
Hydraulic loading, Qv
Q 3
Qv m / m . min
2
(10.1)
A
where
Q = flow rate without recirculation,
m3/min
A = area
22
BOD loading
W = li Q (10.2)
where
li = influent substrate concentration,
BOD5 mg/L
Q = wastewater flowrate
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Eckenfelder formula (with recirculation)
kD
Qvn
le e
kD (10.3)
la Qvn
(1 R) Re
Where
le = effluent substrate concentration, BOD5 mg/L
D = depth of the medium, m
k = treatability constant relating to the wastewater and the
medium characteristics, min-1 = 0.06 min-1
n = coefficient relating to the medium characteristics
= 0.5
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R = ratio of the recycled flow to the
influent flow = Qr /Q
Qr = recirculation flow rate
la = BOD5 of the mixture of raw and
recycled mixture
= l i Rl e
1 R
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Correction for other temperature can be
made by adjusting the treatability factor:
(10.4)
T 20
KT K 20o C (1.035)
Example
An existing 6 m deep tower trickling filter plant cannot
meet the effluent standard of less than 10 mg/L. The plant
influent BOD is 220 mg/L, the primary effluent BOD is 150
mg/L, the plant final effluent is 30 mg/L and the
recirculation flow is 1.5 of the wastewater flow entering the
plant. One proposal is to change the recirculation ratio, to
reduce the effluent BOD from 30 to 10 mg/L. The constants
for the random plastic media, n of 0.44 and K20 of 0.055
min-1. Design temperature is 25oC.
i. Calculate the hydraulic loading
ii. By using the recirculation ratio = 2.0, check whether the
plant effluent meet the standard
Flow diagram
Bio-tower Target le :
(trickling filters) < 10 mg/L
Primary Secondary
Clarifier li : Clarifier le :
BOD5: 220 mg/L
Plant influent
150 la : D : 6m 30
mg/L ? n: 0.44 mg/L
25°C
Recirculation rate:
1.5
Bio-tower Target le :
(trickling filters) < 10 mg/L
Primary Secondary
Clarifier li : Clarifier le :
BOD5: 220 mg/L
Plant influent
150 la : D : 6m 30
mg/L ? n: 0.44 mg/L
25°C
Recirculation rate:
1.5
150 1.5( 30 )
li Rl e la
la 1 1.5
1 R = 78 mg/L
The treatability constant must be
adjusted for temperature
25 20
K 25 K 20 (1.035)
= 0.055 (1.035)5 = 0.065 min-1
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Find the hydraulic loading, Qv - using Eq. 10.3
kD
Qvn
le e
kD
la Qvn
(1 R) Re
Where;
le = 30 mg/L
la = 78 mg/L
D = 6m
k = 0.065 min-1
n = 0.44
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0.065( 6 )
Qv0.44
30 e
78 0.065( 6 )
Qv0.44
(1 R) Re
Make it simple, if m 0.065(6)
Qv0.44
So the Eq. become:
m
30 e
m
78 ( 1 R ) Re
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then,
m
e
0.39 m
2.5 1.5e
1.585e-m = 0.975
e-m = 0.61
m = ̶ ln 0.61
and, m = 0.494
m 0.494 0.065(6) 0.44
Q
v
Qv0.44 = 0.789
Qv = 0.584 m3/m2.min
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By using the recirculation ratio, R = 2.0, check whether the plant
effluent meet the standard (less than 10 mg/L BOD5)
0.065( 6 )
0.5840.44
le e
0.065( 6 )
la 0.5840.44
(1 2) 2e
0.610
0.343
3 2 x0.610
le le
0.343
li Rl
la 150 2lee
1 3 R
R = 2 ; then,
le le
0.343
la 150 2le
3
le 17.13 0.228le
= 22.19 mg/L
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