Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SCM
SCM
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Study Objectives
1. Explain what strategic cost management is and how it can be
used to help a firm create a competitive advantage.
2. Discuss value-chain analysis and the strategic role of activity-
based customer and supplier costing.
3. Tell what life-cycle cost management is and how it can be
used to maximize profits over a product’s life cycle.
4. Identify the basic features of JIT purchasing and
manufacturing.
5. Describe the effect JIT has on cost traceability and product
costing.
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
– Cost leadership
– Product differentiation
– Focusing
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
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Examples:
• Wal-Mart Stores Inc. has been successful using its strategy of everyday
low prices than competitors on a consistent basis rather than relying on
sales to attract customers. Wal-Mart is able to achieve this due to its
large scale and efficient supply chain.
• McDonald's has been extremely successful with the strategy of offering
basic fast-food meals at low prices through a division of labor that
allows it to hire and train inexperienced employees rather than trained
cooks. It also relies on few managers who typically earn higher wages.
• The Swedish furniture retailer Ikea offers stylish furniture at low prices
through sourcing its products in low-wage countries and by offering a
very basic level of service. Ikea does not assemble or deliver furniture;
customers must collect the furniture in the warehouse and assemble at
home themselves.
• Southwest Airlines offers the lowest prices possible by being more
efficient than traditional airlines. They minimize the time that their
planes spend on the tarmac in order to keep them flying and to keep
profits up. 5
Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
Differentiation strategy
Strives to increase customer value by increasing
what the customer receives (customer realization).
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Examples:
• FedEx and Nike are two companies that have done well at
communicating to customers that they provide differentiated
offerings. FedEx’s former slogan “When it absolutely, positively has
to be there overnight” highlights the commitment to speedy
delivery that sets the firm apart from competitors such as UPS and
the US Postal Service.
• Nike differentiates its athletic shoes and apparel through its iconic
“swoosh” logo as well as an intense emphasis on product
innovation through research and development.
• Ray-Ban
• Levis Jeans
• Sony
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
Focusing strategy
A firm selects or emphasizes a market or customer
segment in which to compete.
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Examples:
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SCM & Cost analysis
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
The industrial value chain
• The linked set of value-creating activities from basic
raw materials to the disposal of the finished product
by end-use customers.
• Fundamental to a value-chain framework is the
recognition that there exist complex linkages and
interrelationships among activities both within and
external to the firm.
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
Value-chain framework linkages
– Internal linkages: relationships among activities
that are performed within a firm’s portion of the
value chain
– External linkages: the firm’s value-chain activities
that are performed with its suppliers and
customers
• Supplier linkages
• Customer linkages
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
Organizational activities: These linked set of value-
creating activities can be classified as:
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
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Strategic Cost Management:
Basic Concepts
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The process of SCM encompasses the following:
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Value-Chain Analysis
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Value-Chain Analysis
Internal Linkage Analysis Example
Current Expected
Activity Activity Activity
Activities Activity Driver Capacity Demand Demand
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Value-Chain Analysis
Internal Linkage Analysis Example
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Value-Chain Analysis
Internal Linkage Analysis Example
Units 10,000
Unit savings $ 48.70
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Value-Chain Analysis
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Value-Chain Analysis
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Value-Chain Analysis
Internal Linkage Analysis Example
(800 + 190 + 5 + 5)
(30 + 20)
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Value-Chain Analysis
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Value-Chain Analysis
One Large Ten Smaller
Customer Customers
Units purchased 500,000 500,000
Orders placed 2 200
Manufacturing cost $ 3,000,000 $ 3,000,000
Order-filling cost allocated* $ 303,000 $ 303,000
Order cost per unit $ 0.6060 $ 0.6060
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Life-Cycle Costing
• Whole-life cost, or Life-cycle cost (LCC), refers to the total
cost of ownership over the life of an asset. Also commonly
referred to as "cradle to grave" or "womb to tomb" costs.
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A life cycle cost analysis involves the analysis of the costs of a system or a
component over its entire life span. Typical costs for a system may include:
A complete life cycle cost projection (LCCP) analysis may also include other costs,
as well as other accounting/financial elements (such as, interest rates,
depreciation, present value of money/discount rates, etc.).
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
Basic views of the product life cycle:
Marketing viewpoint
Production viewpoint
Consumable life viewpoint
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
Cost Reduction Example
Cost Behavior
Functional-based system:
Variable conversion activity rate: $40 per direct labor hour
Material usage rate: $8 per part
ABC system:
Labor usage $10 per direct labor hour
Material usage: $8 per part
Machining: $28 per machine hour
Purchasing activity: $60 per purchase order
Setup activity: $1,000 per setup hour
Warranty activity: $200 per returned unit
Customer repair cost $10 per hour 33
Life-Cycle Cost Management
Cost Reduction Example
Activity and Resource Information (annual estimates)
Design A Design B
United produced 10,000 10,000
Direct material usages 100,000 parts 60,000 parts
Labor usage 50,000 hours 80,000 hours
Machine hours 25,000 20,000
Purchase orders 300 200
Setup hours 200 100
Returned units 400 75
Repair time (customer) 800 150
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
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Life-Cycle Cost Management
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JIT and Its Effect on the Cost Management
System
JIT Traditional
• Pull-through system • Push-through system
• Insignificant inventories • Significant inventories
• Small supplier base • Large supplier base
• Long-term supplier contracts • Short-term supplier contracts
• Cellular structure • Departmental structure
• Multiskilled labor • Specialized labor
• Decentralized services • Centralized services
• High employee involvement • Low employee involvement
• Facilitating management style • Supervisory management style
• Total quality control • Acceptable quality level
• Buyers’ market • Sellers’ market
• Value-chain focus • Value-added focus
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 1: Purchase of raw materials.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 2: Materials issued to production.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 3: Direct labor cost incurred.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 4: Overhead cost incurred.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 5: Application of overhead.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 6: Completion of goods.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 7: Goods are sold.
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Cost Flows:
Traditional Compared with JIT
Transaction 8: Variance is recognized.
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