natural

UNIT

1
Interaction, a life process
Living things interact with each other
and the world around them in many
ways.

For example, these fish are interacting

with the shark. They help it to keep
clean by eating parasites.

In order to interact with other living things

and with our surroundings, we need to
receive information about them. We use our
senses to get this information.
 Which organs make up the
nervous system?
The brain
It receives information and
then sends a message to
a part of the body
to tell it how to react.
It is made up of the
cerebrum, the cerebellum
and the brainstem.
The spinal cord
It connects the brain to the
rest of the body.
Nerves
They connect the spinal cord
to our muscles, joints and skin.
Motor nerves transmit
messages our brain sends
to the muscles, joints and
skin.
Sensory nerves receive
messages from the
muscles, joints and skin
and send them to the
brain.
How does the nervous system work?

The nervous system is made up of millions of neurons, which receive and

transmit messages from different parts of the body and from the brain.

Neurons are star-shaped. They consist of a

cell body, a long extension called the axon
and shorter, thin fibres called dendrites.

To transmit messages, they create nerve impulses

(electrical signals).
Cell body: It controls the neuron. Creates impulses.
Axon: It transmits the impulses to other neurons.
Dendrites: They receive nerve impulses from other
neurons.
 How do we see?
The iris is made of
small muscles. It opens The retina is made of
and closes the pupil. nervous tissue
arranged in thin layers
The pupil is a small of cells that detect
hole that lets light into light and colours. They
the eye. send information to
the optic nerve.
The cornea covers and
protects the iris and The optic nerve is
the pupil. connected to the
brain. It transmits
The lens is a transparent, oval-shaped information from the
structure that focuses light onto the retina. retina.
It’s located behind the pupil and the iris.
 How do we hear?
Sound waves go into our ear and hit
the eardrum. As a result, the When the
eardrum vibrates. eardrum
vibrates, it makes
the small bones
inside the ear
vibrate, too.

The cochlea detects the vibrations and

produces nerve impulses. The auditory
nerve transmits these impulses to the brain.
Then the brain interprets the information.
 How do we taste and smell?
Smells are made up of gases in the air. When air
goes into your nose, the gases go into your nasal
passages. The olfactory cells detect the gases and
send nerve impulses to the olfactory nerve. It
transmits the impulses to the brain and the brain
interprets the information.

The tiny, pink bumps on your tongue are called tastebuds.

They can detect special chemicals in the things that you
eat and drink. The chemicals mix with saliva and then the
tastebuds detect them. The tastebuds produce nerve
impulses and transmit them to the gustatory nerves.
These nerves then transmit the impulses to the brain,
which interprets the information.
 How can we keep our nervous
system healthy?
You should look after your brain and your muscles, because the nervous
system is responsible for movement, breathing and your heartbeat.
Keeping your brain healthy Keeping your muscles healthy

• You should exercise it for example by • Do regular exercise. This

doing puzzles or playing thinking guarantees a regular supply of
games. blood and oxygen to your muscles.
• You can also train your memory and
solve mathematical or linguistic • By doing exercise, you’re also
problems. exercising your heart and lungs.
• It’s also important to rest your brain.
Have enough hours of sleep.
• A balanced diet is also important for a
healthy brain.
• You should also drink lots of water.