Course : S0825/Foundation Engineering

Year : 2012

SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Session 3 – 10
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Topic:
• BEARING CAPACITY
– General
– Terzaghi Model
– Influence of ground water elevation
– Meyerhof-Hansen Model
– Shallow Foundation Bearing Capacity from N-SPT value, CPT
value and PMT value
• SETTLEMENT
– General
– Immediate Settlement
– Consolidation Settlement
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 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

SESSION 3 – 4

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 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

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 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

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 TERZAGHI MODEL

Assumptions:
• Subsoil below foundation structure is homogenous
• Shallow foundation Df < B
• Continuous, or strip, footing : 2D case
• Rough base
• Equivalent surcharge

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 TERZAGHI MODEL

FAILURE ZONES:
1. ACD : TRIANGULAR ZONES
2. ADF & CDE : RADIAL SHEAR ZONES
3. AFH & CEG : RANKINE PASSIVE ZONES
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 TERZAGHI MODEL
(GENERAL FAILURE)
• STRIP FOUNDATION
qult = c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5..B.N
• SQUARE FOUNDATION
qult = 1.3.c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.4..B.N
• CIRCULAR FOUNDATION
qult = 1.3.c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.3..B.N
 
Where:  e 23 / 4 / 2 tan 
Nc  cot    1
 2. cos 2    
  
c = cohesion of soil
 
q =  . Df ; Df = the thickness of foundation  4 2  
embedded on subsoil e 23 / 4 / 2 tan
Nq 
 = unit weight of soil   
2. cos 2   
 4 2
B = foundation width
1  K py 
Nc, Nq, N = bearing capacity factors N    1  tan 
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2  cos  2
 BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS

GENERAL
FAILURE
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 BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS

GENERAL
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FAILURE
 TERZAGHI MODEL
(LOCAL FAILURE)

• STRIP FOUNDATION
qult = 2/3.c.Nc’ + q.Nq’ + 0.5..B.N’
• SQUARE FOUNDATION
qult = 0.867.c.Nc’ + q.Nq’ + 0.4..B.N’
• CIRCULAR FOUNDATION
qult = 0.867.c.Nc’ + q.Nq’ + 0.3..B.N’  
 e 23 / 4 '/ 2 tan ' 
Nc  cot  '   1
Where:  2. cos 2    
  
'
 
c = cohesion of soil  4 2  
e 23 / 4 '/ 2 tan '
q =  . Df ; Df = the thickness of foundation Nq 
  ' 
embedded on subsoil 2. cos 2   
4 2
 = unit weight of soil 1  K py 
N    1 tan  '
B = foundation width 2  cos  ' 
2

Bina Nusantara Nc, Nq, N = bearing capacity factors ’ = tan-1 (2/3. tan)
 BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS

LOCAL FAILURE

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 BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS

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 GROUND WATER INFLUENCE

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 GROUND WATER INFLUENCE

• CASE 1
0  D1 < Df  q = D1.dry + D2 . ’

• CASE 2
0  d  B  q = dry.Df
the value of  in third part of equation is replaced by
 = ’ + (d/B).(dry - ’)

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 FACTOR OF SAFETY
qu
qall 
FS qnet ( u )  qu  q
qnet ( u ) q   .D f
qall ( net ) 
FS
Where:
qu = gross ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundation
qall = gross allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundation
qnet(u) = net ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundation
qall = net allowable bearing capacity of shallow foundation
FS = Factor of Safety (FS  3)
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 NET ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the developed cohesion and the angle of friction
c  tan  
cd  d  tan 1  
 FSshear = 1.4 – 1.6
FS shear  FS shear 

2. Calculate the gross allowable bearing capacity (qall) according to terzaghi

equation with cd and d as the shear strength parameters of the soil
Ex.: qall = cd.Nc + q.Nq + ½ .B.N
Where Nc, Nq, N = bearing capacity factor for the friction angle, d

3. Find the net allowable bearing capacity (qall(net))

qall(net) = qall - q

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 EXAMPLE – PROBLEM

A square foundation is 1.5 m x 1.5 m in plan. The soil supporting the

foundation has a friction angle of  = 20o and c = 15 kN/m2. The unit
weight of soil, , is 18.4 kN/m3. Assume that the depth of the foundation
(Df) is 1 m and the general shear failure occurs in the soil.
Determine:
1. the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS)
of 3.
2. the net allowable load for the foundation with FSshear = 1.5

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 EXAMPLE – SOLUTION
1. The allowable gross load

qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4BN (Foundation Type: Square Foundation)

For  = 20o, we get

Nc = 17.69
Nq = 7.44
N = 3.64

Thus,
qu = (1.3)(15)(17.69) + (1x18.4)(7.44) + (0.4)(18.4)(1.5)(3.64)
= 522.0366 kN/m2

So, the allowable load per unit area of the foundation is

qall = qu/FS = 522.0366/3 = 174.0122 kN/m2

Thus the total allowable gross load is

Bina Nusantara Q = (174.0122)(1.5x1.5) = 391.52745 kN
 EXAMPLE – SOLUTION
2. The net allowable load

For c = 15 kN/m2 and  =20o,

cd = c/FSshear = 15/1.5 = 10 kN/m2
d = tan-1 (tan/FSshear) = tan-1 ((tan20)/1.5) = 13.64o

For  = 13.64o, the values of the bearing capacity factors are

Nc  12 Nq  3.8 N  1.2

Gross allowable bearing capacity

qall = 1.3cd.Nc + q.Nq +0.4 .B.N
= (1.3)(10)(12)+(18.4)(1)(3.8)+(0.4)(18.4)(1.5)(1.2) = 239.168 kN/m2

Net allowable bearing capacity

qall(net) = qall – q = 239.168 – 18.4 = 220.768 kN/m2

Net allowable load

Bina Nusantara Qall(net) = (220.768)(1.5)(1.5) = 496.728 kN
 SESSION 5 – 8

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 GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
Meyerhof-Hansen Theory

Df

qu  c.Nc.Fcs .Fcd .Fci  q.Nq.Fqs .Fqd .Fqi  (0.5). .B.N .Fs .Fd .Fi

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 BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR

 
Nq  tan 2  45  e . tan
 2
Nc   Nq  1 cot 
N  2( Nq  1) tan 

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 SHAPE, DEPTH AND INCLINATION FACTOR

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 EXAMPLE 2
Determine the size (diameter) circle foundation of tank structure as
shown in the following picture

P = 73 ton

Tank
dry = 13 kN/m3
sat = 18 kN/m3
c = 1 kg/cm2 2m
 = 20o

Foundation
GWL

With P is the load of tank, neglected the weight of foundation and use
factor of safety, SF = 3.5.
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 EXAMPLE 3

SQUARE FOUNDATION

B = 4m dry = 13 kN/m3

DETERMINE THE FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR:

-CASE 1 : GWL LOCATED AT 0.3m (MEASURED FROM THE SURFACE OF SOIL)
-CASE 2 : GWL LOCATED AT 1.5m (MEASURED FROM THE SURFACE OF SOIL)
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 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FOUNDATIONS

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 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED FOUNDATIONS

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 ONE WAY ECCENTRICITY
Meyerhof’s step by step procedure:
• Determine the effective dimensions of the foundation as :
B’ = effective width = B – 2e
L’ = effective length = L
Note:
– If the eccentricity were in the direction of the length of the foundation, the value of L’ would be equal to L-2e
and the value of B’ would be B.
– The smaller of the two dimensions (L’ and B’) is the effective width of the foundation
• Determine the ultimate bearing capacity
qu '  c.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci  q.Nq.Fqs.Fqd.Fqi  0,5..B'.N.Fs.Fd.Fi

to determine Fcs, Fqs, Fs use effective length and effective width
to determine Fcd, Fqd, Fd use B
• The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is
Qult = qu’.B’.L’ ; where B’xL’ = A’ (effective area)
• The factor of safety against bearing capacity failure is
FS = Qult/Q
• Check the factor of safety against qmax, or,
FS = qu’/qmax
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 EXAMPLE – PROBLEM
A Square foundation is shown in the following figure. Assume
that the one- way load eccentricity e = 0.15m. Determine the
ultimate load, Qult

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 EXAMPLE – SOLUTION
With c = 0, the bearing capacity equation becomes

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 TWO-WAY ECCENTRICITY

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 TWO-WAY ECCENTRICITY – CASE 1

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 TWO-WAY ECCENTRICITY – CASE 2

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 TWO-WAY ECCENTRICITY – CASE 3

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 TWO-WAY ECCENTRICITY – CASE 4

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 BEARING CAPACITY FROM N-SPT VALUE
Meyerhof

RI : load inclination factor (RI = 1.0 for vertical

loads)

Cw1 and Cw2: correction factors whose values

depend on the position of the water table

N′avg : average value of the SPT blow counts,

which is determined within the range of depths
from footing base to 1.5B below the footing.

In very fine or silty saturated sand

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 BEARING CAPACITY FROM CPT VALUE
Meyerhof

RI : load inclination factor (RI = 1.0 for vertical

loads)

Cw1 and Cw2 : correction factors whose values

depend on the position of the water table

qc : the average value of cone penetration

resistance measured at depths from footing
base to 1.5B below the footing base.

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 BEARING CAPACITY FROM CPT VALUE

Correlation between Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qult) and Cone Penetration Resistance (qc)

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 BEARING CAPACITY FROM PRESSURE-METER TESTS (PMT)
Menard , Baguelin et al., and Briaud

r0 : the initial total vertical pressure at the foundation level,

κ : the dimensionless bearing capacity coefficient
p1 : limit pressure measured in PMT at depths from 1.5B above to 1.5B below foundation level,
p0 : total horizontal pressure at the depth where the PMT is performed.

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 SESSION 9 – 10

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 GENERAL

The settlement of shallow foundation may be divided into 3 broad categories:

1. Immediate settlement, which is caused by the elastic deformation of
dry soil and of moist and saturated soils without any change in the
moisture content. Immediate settlement are generally based on
equations derived from the elasticity theory
2. Primary consolidation settlement, which is the result of a volume
change in saturated cohesive soils because of expulsion of the water
that occupies the void spaces.
3. Secondary consolidation settlement, which is observed in saturated
cohesive soils and is the result of the plastic adjustment of soil particles.

This course will focus at immediate and primary consolidation settlement only.
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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Harr, 1966)
General Equation Poisson ratio

• Flexible Foundation
– At the corner of foundation Se 
B.q o
Es

1   s2

2

– At the center of foundation Se 
B.q o
Es

1   s2  
– Average Se 
B.qo
Es
 
1   s2 av
L
1   1  m 2  m   1  m 2  1  ; m  ; H=
  ln  m. ln 
B

   1 m  m    
 1  m  1  
2 2


• Rigid Foundation

Se 
B.qo
Es

1   s2 r
Es = Modulus of elasticity of soil
B = Foundation width L = Foundation length
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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Harr, 1966)

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Harr, 1966)
If Df(depth of footing) = 0 and H (depth of stratum below the footing) < ,
the elastic settlement of foundation can be determined from the following
formula:
2 1   s F1  1   s  2  s F2 
1    (corner of flexible foundation)
2 2
B.qo
S  e s
Es 2

Se 
B.qo
Es

1   s2  1   F  1  
2
s 1 s  
 2  s2 F2 (center of flexible foundation)

The variations of F1 and F2 with H/B are given in the graphs of next slide

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Harr, 1966)

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 EXAMPLE

Problem:
A foundation is 1 m x 2 m in plan and carries a net load per
unit area, qo = 150 kN/m2. Given, for the soil, Es = 10,000
kN/m2, s = 0.3. Assuming the foundation to be flexible,
estimate the elastic settlement at the center of the
foundation for the following conditions:
a. Df = 0 and H = 
b. Df = 0 and H = 5 m

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 EXAMPLE
Solution:
Part a.
Se 
B.q o
Es

1   s2  

For L/B = 2/1 = 2    1.53, so

Se 
(1)(150)
10,000
 
1  0.32 (1.53)  0.0209m  20.9mm

Part b.
Se 
B'.qo
Es
     
1   s2 1   s2 F1  1   s  2  s2 F2

For L’/B’ = 2, and H/B’ = 10  F1  0.638 and F2  0.033, so

Se 
(0.5)(150)
10,000
     
1  0.32 1  0.32 (0.638)  1  0.3  2(0.3) 2 (0.033) x 4  0.0163m  16.3mm

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Bowles, 1982)
General Equation
1   s2 L'
S e  qo .B'. .F1 M
Es B'

1  
1  M2  1 M2  N2 
M  M2  1 1  N2  
 
F1  M . ln  ln  H
  N
M 1 M  N 1
2 2
M  M  N  1 
2 2
B'

Es = Modulus of elasticity of soil

H = effective layer thickness, ex. 2 - 4B below foundation

L B
At the center of Foundation L'  B'  and F1 multiply by 4
2 2
At the corner of Foundation L'  L B'  B and F1 multiply by 1

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Bowles, 1982)
• For saturated clay soil
q o .B
S e  A1 . A 2
Es

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT (Schmertmann 1978)

  E
z2
I
S e  C1 .C 2 q  q z
z
0 s

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 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT

Young Modulus

Circle Foundation or L/B =1

z=0  Iz = 0.1
z = z1 = 0,5 B  Iz = 0.5
z = z2 = 2B  Iz = 0.0

Foundation with L/B ≥ 10

z=0  Iz = 0.2
z = z1 = B  Iz = 0.5
z = z2 = 4B  Iz = 0.0

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 EXAMPLE
A shallow foundation 3 m x 3 m (as shown in the following drawing). The subgrade is
sandy soil with Young modulus varies based on N-SPT value (use the following
correlation: Es = 766N)

Determine the settlement occur in 5

years (use strain influence method)
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 EXAMPLE

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 EXAMPLE
Iz
z
Depth z Es Iz Es

(m) (m) (kN/m2) (average) (m3/kN)

0.0 – 1.0 1.0 8000 0.233 0.291 x 10-4

1.0 – 1.5 0.5 10000 0.433 0.217 x 10-4
1.5 – 4.0 2.5 10000 0.361 0.903 x 10-4
4.0 – 6.0 2.0 16000 0.111 0.139 x 10-4
 1.55 x 10-4

 q   17.8 x1.5   t   5 
C1  1  0.5 C2  1  0.2. log    1  0.2. log    1.34
qq
  1  0.5
 160  17.8 x1.5 
  0.9  0.1   0.1 
   

 
2B
Iz
S e  C1.C2 . q  q  .z
0 Es
S e  (0.9)(1.34)(160  17.8 x1.5)(1.55 x10  4 )
S e  24.8mm
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 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

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 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
• Normal Consolidated Clay
po  p
pc  po or
pc
1 Sc 
Cc
.Hc . log
po 1  eo po

• Over Consolidated Clay

pc  po or
pc
1
po

po + p < pc Cs p  p
Sc  .Hc . log o
1  eo po
Cs p Cc p  p
po < pc < po+p Sc  .Hc . log c  .Hc . log o
1  eo po 1  eo pc
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 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT

where:
– eo = initial void ratio
– Cc = compression index
– Cs = swelling index
– pc = preconsolidation pressure
– po = average effective pressure on the clay layer before the construction of the foundation
=  ’.z
– p = average increase of pressure on the clay layer caused by the foundation construction
and other external load, which can be determine using method of 2:1, Boussinesq,
Westergaard or Newmark.
Alternatively, the average increase of pressure (p) may be approximated by:
p 
1
pt  4pm  pb 
6
pt = the pressure increase at the top of the clay layer
pm = the pressure increase at the middle of the clay layer
pb = the pressure increase at the bottom of the clay layer
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 EXAMPLE
A foundation 1m x 2m in plan is shown in the following figure.
Estimate the consolidation settlement of the foundation.
Assume the clay is normally consolidated.

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 EXAMPLE
Cc p  p
Sc  .H c . log o
1  eo po

po = (2.5)(16.5) + (0.50)(17.5-10) +(1.25)(16-10) = 52.5 kN/m2

qo .B.L
p  2:1 method
B  z L  z 
150.1.2
p   13.45 kN / m 2
1  3.252  3.25

0.32 52.5  13.45

Sc  2.5 x log  44 mm
1  0.8 52.5

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 ALLOWABLE SETTLEMENT

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