QUIZ

•1. Which specific type of enzyme

facilitates the joining of DNA
strands together by catalyzing the
formation of a phosphodiester
bond?
QUIZ

•2. Which type of enzyme is the

primary protein that is involved in
prokaryotic DNA replication where
it synthesizes new nucleotides to
form a new DNA strand?
QUIZ

•3. Which type of enzyme is the

primary protein that is involved in
prokaryotic DNA transcription
where it synthesizes the
messenger RNA?
QUIZ

• 4. Which enzyme is often used to

separate strands of a DNA double
helix or a self-annealed RNA molecule
using the energy from ATP hydrolysis,
a process characterized by the
breaking of hydrogen bonds between
annealed nucleotide bases?
QUIZ

•5. Which enzyme is the most

abundant polymerase and
functions to fill gaps in DNA that
arise during DNA replication, repair,
and recombination?
QUIZ

•6. Which type of enzyme is the

primary protein that is involved in
prokaryotic DNA translation where
it synthesizes the transfer RNA?
QUIZ

•7. Which enzyme catalyzes the

synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA
in some organisms) segment called
a primer complementary to an
ssDNA template?
QUIZ

• 8. Which law states that DNA from any

cell of all organisms should have a 1:1
ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases
and, more specifically, that the amount
of guanine should be equaled to
cytosine and the amount of adenine
should be equaled to thymine?
QUIZ

• 9. Which minute particle consisting of

RNA and associated proteins, found in
large numbers in the cytoplasm of
living cells, bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins?
QUIZ

• 10. What do you call short, newly

synthesized DNA fragments that are
formed on the lagging template strand
during DNA replication which are
complementary to the lagging
template strand, together forming
short double-stranded DNA sections?
ANSWERS 
QUIZ

•1. Which specific type of enzyme

facilitates the joining of DNA
strands together by catalyzing the
formation of a phosphodiester
bond?
DNA LIGASE
QUIZ

•2. Which type of enzyme is the

primary protein that is involved in
prokaryotic DNA replication where
it synthesizes new nucleotides to
form a new DNA strand?
DNA POLYMERASE III
QUIZ

•3. Which type of enzyme is the

primary protein that is involved in
prokaryotic DNA transcription
where it synthesizes the
messenger RNA?
RNA POLYMERASE II
QUIZ

• 4. Which enzyme is often used to

separate strands of a DNA double
helix or a self-annealed RNA molecule
using the energy from ATP hydrolysis,
a process characterized by the
breaking of hydrogen bonds between
annealed nucleotide bases?
HELICASE
QUIZ

•5. Which enzyme is the most

abundant polymerase and
functions to fill gaps in DNA that
arise during DNA replication, repair,
and recombination?
DNA POLYMERASE I
QUIZ

•6. Which type of enzyme is the

primary protein that is involved in
prokaryotic DNA translation where
it synthesizes the transfer RNA?

RNA POLYMERASE III

QUIZ

•7. Which enzyme catalyzes the

synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA
in some organisms) segment called
a primer complementary to an
ssDNA template?
PRIMASE
QUIZ

• 8. Which law states that DNA from any

cell of all organisms should have a 1:1
ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases
and, more specifically, that the amount
of guanine should be equaled to
cytosine and the amount of adenine
should be equaled to thymine?
ATGC RULE / CHARGAFF’s RULE
QUIZ

• 9. Which minute particle consisting of

RNA and associated proteins, found in
large numbers in the cytoplasm of
living cells, bind messenger RNA and
transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins?
RIBOSOMES
QUIZ

• 10. What do you call short, newly

synthesized DNA fragments that are
formed on the lagging template strand
during DNA replication which are
complementary to the lagging
template strand, together forming
short double-stranded DNA sections?
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
Biotechnology: Power Tools at the Cellular Level
LET’S REVIEW!
Reproduction DNA Nucleic Acids

Replication Genes Chromosomes

Codons Transcription Translation

BIOTECHNOLOGY

•Biotechnology refers to technology

used to manipulate DNA.
•The procedures are often referred
to as genetic engineering.
Genetic Engineering
It allows genes from one organism to be transferred into the DNA of
another organism.
 • The process of using plants
Selective or animals with specific traits
Breeding to reproduce offspring with
those traits.

• The process of crossing plants or

animals with different variations of
Hybridization the same trait in which the resulting
offspring is created to have the best
traits of the parents.
INBRED
HYBRIDS
Recombinant DNA
Combination of two or more DNA sequences from different sources.
• GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
or

GMO
RECOMBINANT DNA

•Recombinant DNA refers to the

DNA from the two different
organisms.
•Can be used for creating
transgenic organisms, gene
therapy, and cloning.
Genetically Modified Plants
Plants with Pest Resistance

Plants with Herbicide Resistance

Plants with More Nutritional Values

Plants with Pest Resistance

•Bacillus thuringiensis
•Produces an enzyme that is toxic
to crop pest
•Genes from these bacteria are
inserted to plants
Plants with Herbicide Resistance

•Glyphosate – powerful herbicide

that kills actively growing plants
such as weeds or unwanted plants.
•Agrobacterium - 5-enolpyruvoyl-
shikimate-3-phosphate synthetase
(EPSPS) resistant to glyphosate
Plants with More Nutritional Values

•Plants with more desirable traits

•Golden Rice
•Golden corn
•ETC
GM Food Consumption and Its Potential Risks
It can pose potential harm to other
organisms.

Eliciting Resistance

Disrupting (or Affecting) Gene Flow

Terminator Technology

•GURT
•Genetic Use Restriction
Technology
Genetically Modified Animals
Make them bigger !!! Make them faster !!! Make them more beautiful !!!
Transgenic Animals for manufacturing a
product

•Gene pharming
•To make transgenic animals
produce pharmaceutical products
for therapeutic and diagnostic
purposes
Cloning Transgenic Animals for Various Purposes
DOLLY
KNOCKOUT MOUSE MODEL
XENOTRANSPLANTATION
How is genetic engineering
changing the world?

-END OF SLIDE-
 ACTIVITY: (Please check the appropriate box)
Concept Notes Laboratory Report Formal Theme Journal
Skills/Drill/Exercise Drawing/Art/Plate Informal Theme Quiz
Others ___________

References:
Exploring life through Science, General Biology 2 by Anna Cherylle Morales – Ramos and
John Donnie A. Ramos; Copyright 2017 by Pheonix Publishing house Inc.

ACTIVITY TITLE: GMO: a friend or a Foe?

LEARNING TARGET:  evaluate the different pros and cons of biotechnology
CONCEPT NOTES: Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct
manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. It is a set of
technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the
transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce
improved or novel organisms. New DNA is obtained by either isolating or
copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods
or by artificially synthesizing the DNA.
I. List down the advantages and dis advantages of biotechnology in the world and explain
why.

Advantages of Biotechnology Disadvantages of Biotechnology

“Transgenic biotechnology through genetic engineering presents an exciting
range of possibilities, from feeding the hungry to preventing and treating
diseases; however, these promises are not without potential peril. Some
individuals have argued that crossing species boundaries is unnatural,
immoral, and in violation of God's laws. This argument presumes that
species boundaries are fixed and readily delineated. However, a recent issue
of the American Journal of Bioethics reflects that the notion of species
boundaries is a hotly debated topic”. The paragraph beforehand is an
excerpt from the speaker seminar you attended at your school as part of the
celebration of the BIOETHICS MONTH organized by the Science faculty.
Some of the other audience are vague regarding their perspective on the
issue. As a student who has a clear view about the issue, you have to create
simple non - print media presentation about your standpoint regarding
presence and synthesis of genetically modified organisms (GMO) as an
application of genetic engineering.
• The soft copy of each of the group’s presentation
must be submitted to the teacher through a flash
drive.
• The file name must contain the learners’ GRADE,
SECTION and GROUP NUMBER only.
• Each group must pass the rubric which is
supplied by the needed information about the
group such as the group number, names, grade
and section.
• The project must be submitted on March 9, 2018.
• Late submission can only obtain the marginal
score specified on the rubric.