General Psychology

LESSON 1
Tuesday @ 10:30 a.m. – 1:30 p.m.

Rev. Marceliano L. Mendez Jr.

(Instructor/Professor)
QUIZ
 QUIZ
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
1. This is school of though that concerned with the structure of the mind.
A. STRUCTURALISM B. FUNTIONALISM C. PSYCHOANALYSIS

2. This is school of thought that attempted to find the cause and cure of personality
disorder.
A. COGNITIVE B. PSYCHOANALYSIS C. BEHAVIORISM

3. This is school of thought that the psychologist observe and records the person’s
development and how he reacts to different circumstances.
A. FUNCTIONALISM B. BEHAVIORISM C. STRUCTURALISM.

4. This is school of thought that the psychologist should use only objective methods and
that their observations and measurements should be in a form which could be checked
and verified by other psychologist.
A. FUNCTIONALISM B. BEHAVIORISM C. STRUCTURALISM.

5. This is school of thought that the strongest human urge is not the sexual emotion, but
the unconscious attempts of the individual to overcome the feeling of inferiority.
A. FUNCTIONALISM B. INDIVIDUALISM C. STRUCTURALISM.
 QUIZ
6. He asserted that the sex urges in unconscious constitute the main drive and this
known as “libido” theory.
A. SIGMUND FREUD B. CURL JUNG C. JOHN B. WATSON

7. He disagree with the “libido” theory and regarded “personality” as the strongest
force in determining human behavior.
A. SIGMUND FREUD B. CURL JUNG C. JOHN B. WATSON

8. He established the Gestalt Theory (Pattern or Configuration).

A. KURT KOFFKA B. CARL ROGERS C. JEAN PIAGET

9. He founded the Cognitive school of thought that focused on thought and mental
processes.
A. JEAN PIAGET B. CARL ROGERS C. JAMES OLDS

10. He founded the Biological school of thought that human and animal behavior can
be explained in terms of bodily structure nd biochemical processes.
A. JEAN PIAGET B. CARL ROGERS C. JAMES OLDS
 QUIZ
Methods of Psychological Research
11. It uses data obtained from respondents through written questionnaires
or interviews.
a. Survey method b. experimental method c. statistical method.

12. This is a method introduced by St. Augustine.

a. Observation b. Introspection c. Life-History method.

13. This is widely used method in the study of behavior.

a. Observation b. Introspection c. Life-History method

PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

14. X chromosomes plus x chromosomes is equal to
a. Female b. Male
15. X chromosomes plus y chromosomes is equal to
a. Female b. Male
 QUIZ
Number 16—20

Give five (5) Branches of Psychology.

 QUIZ

ANSWERS
 QUIZ
ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:
1. A. STRUCTURALISM • General Psychology
2. B. PSYCHOANALYSIS • Comparative Psychology
3. A. FUNCTIONALISM • Development or Genetic Psychology
4. B. BEHAVIORISM • Child Psychology
5. B. INDIVIDUALISM • Adolescence Psychology
6. A. SIGMUND FREUD • Senescence Psychology
7. B. CURL JUNG • Abnormal Psychology
8. A. KURT KOFFKA • Experimental Psychology.
9. A. JEAN PIAGET • Differential Psychology
10. C. JAMES OLDS • Dynamic Psychology
11. A. SURVEY METHOD • Physiological Psychology
12. B. INTROSPECTION • Educational Psychology
13. A. OBSERVATION • Applied Psychology
14. A. FEMALE • Legal Psychology
15. B. MALE • Clinical Psychology
• Business psychology
• Industrial and Engineering Psychology
• Social Psychology.
PRINCIPLES OF
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
 1. HEREDITY AND MATURATION
• An individual’s hereditary endowment determined at the
time of conception, has a great influence on his/her
biological and psychological characteristics.
• Chromosome: one of a set of threadlike structures,
composed of DNA(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) and a protein,
that form in the nucleus when the cell begins to divide and
that carry the genes which determine an individual's
hereditary traits.
• Heredity: is the transmission of traits from parents to
offspring.
• Genes: are submicroscopic particles in chromosome. While
we inherit genes from both our parents, these genes do not
always exert equal influence on our observable traits.
 1. HEREDITY AND MATURATION
• Genes determine the sex of fertilized egg. Genes always works in
pairs.
• X chromosomes + X chromosomes = female
• X chromosomes + Y chromosomes = male
• The genes of a normal male have two X-chromosomes or one Y
and one X. While the normal female has two X-chromosomes.
• That is why the male genes alone determine the sex of zygote.
• Zygote: the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it
undergoes cleavage. The single CELL resulting from the union of
the parents' SEX CELLS at FERTILIZATION.
• Gametes: a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg,
that unites with another cell to form a new organism.
 1. HEREDITY AND MATURATION
• Human being inherit physical traits, such as height, general body
contour, weight, facial appearance, texture and distribution of
hair.

Maturation:
• Human beings are a product of nature and nurture. Their
development is controlled by the action of both hereditary and
environment. They grow and develop over time or on a
developmental schedule known as maturation.
• Maturation: the process of maturing; The final differentiation
processes in biological systems, such as the final ripening of a
seed or the attainment of full functional capacity by a cell, a
tissue, or an organ. -
 End of Class
Nov. 15, 2016
IDENTICAL TWIN DEVELOPMENT
IDENTICAL TWIN DEVELOPMENT
FRATERNAL
TWIN
DEVELOPMENT
FRATERNAL TWIN DEVELOPMENT
DNA
 TRANSMISSION OF DNA

Chromosomes: the part of a cell that contains the genes

which control how human, animal or plant grows and what it becomes

Plasmid: an extrachromosomal ring in DNA especially

of bacteria that replicates autonomously
• The development of the organism is
controlled by the action of both heredity and
environment.
• The relationship between heredity and
environment in producing the level of an
individual’s biological, psychological and social
development at any given time can be
expressed in this formula:

• Hereditary x Environment x Time = Development Level

INGREDIENTS IN DEVELOPMENT THAT AFFECT BEHAVIOR
• Heredity: determines how high a level of
development a given environment can
bring about in a given period of time.
• Environment: determines how effective a
certain heredity can be in influencing
development over a given amount of
time.
• Maturation: is the result of bodily
changes determined by hereditary acting
over a period of time.
 Function of environment in determining an
individual’s development behavior is
twofold:
• 1. it supplies the stimuli that set of
patterns of response already prepared by
maturation.
• 2. it provides situation conducive to the
person’s learning new patterns or altering
old ones.
• All through life, learning helps shapes
our responses.
• As soon as the infant born, basic
inborn behavior patters are altered
and enriched through contact with
environment growth and
development will take place.

• Heredity and Environment are the

main determinants of development
 The Stages of Development—The
Human Infant
• Neonate—from birth to 1 month
• Infant—1 month to 15 months
• Toddler—15 months to 2 ½ years
• Preschool Child—2 ½ to 6 years
• Child in Middle Years—from 6 to 12
years
• Adolescent—from 12 to 21 years
 PRENATAL &
POSTNATAL
DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
Critical Periods
Week 3 Brain and spinal cord begin to form from
neural tube.
Week 3—4 Placenta and umbilical cord, eyes and
primitive heartbeat
Week 5 Arms and leg buds
Week 8 Organogenesis complete, now one inch
long, weight 1 oz.

Organogenesis: the origin and development of bodily organs

POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
PRENATAL & POSTNATAL
DEVELOPMENT
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Movement is important for
children's
development and learning
 What is Motor
Development?

• The development of action and

coordination of one’s limbs.

• The development of strength,

posture control, balance and
perceptual skills.
 PREHENSION in
Motor Development

•Refers to grasping objects.

•A baby learns to reach before

he can grasp, then to grasp with
his palm and fingers before he
can grasp with his thumb and
fingertips.
 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

What is language?

A socially shared code to

express thoughts and
concepts.
Language Development Birth
through Three:
• Children’s first words are used to fulfill specific
intentions. They can be used for:

1. Labelling Repeating
2. Answering Requesting
(action or answer)
1. Calling Greeting
2. Protesting (NO!) Practicing
 CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT

•Children during the

preschool age (three to
six years of age) are
exploring a wide range
of emotions.
 CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
(Physically)
They are better able to Gross motor skills improve
control wrist and finger as large muscles mature
movements as they • Run
practice fine motor skills: • Jump
• Cut with scissors • Hop
• Scribble with large • Walk on tiptoe
• Crayons and pencils • Ride a tricycle
• Skip rope
• Catch ball
 CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
(Physically)
Role of Play in Growth and Development of the
Preschool Child
• Playing for children is learning.
• They learn from coming in contact with
objects, people, and events.
• While children play, they explore the world
around them through various types of play
such as cooperative, dramatic, and
manipulative.
ADOLESCENCE
 Adolescence Physical Development
• It all begins with puberty
Puberty: the period of sexual
maturation, during which a person
becomes capable of reproducing.
 Primary Sexual Characteristics
• The body structures that make sexual
reproduction possible

Ovaries Testicles

Vagina Penis
 Secondary Sexual Characteristics
• Nonreproductive sexual characteristics
Female breasts Deepening of male voice

Body hair

Jalo’s Hips
 When does puberty start?
The Landmarks
• First ejaculation for
boys

•Menarche for girls

Ejaculation: (medical) the release of semen

from the penis
Adolescence Cognitive Development
• Have the ability to reason but…….

•The reasoning is self-focused. Assume

that their experiences are unique.
•Experience formal operational thought
 Preconventional Morality
•Morality of self- interest
•Their actions are either to avoid
punishment or to gain rewards.
 Conventional Morality
Morality is based upon obeying
laws to
1. Maintain social order
2. To gain social approval
 Postconventional Morality
•Morality based on your own
ethical principles.
Adolescence Social Development

Its all about forming an

identity!!!
 Identity
• One’s sense of self.
• The idea that an
adolescent’s job is to find
oneself by testing various
roles.
• Comes from Erik Erikson’s
stages of Psychosocial
development.
 Identity
• Some teenagers take their identity early
by sharing their parents values and
expectations.
• Some teenagers will adopt a negative
identity- opposition to society, but
conforms to a peer group.
 Intimacy

• Towards the end of

adolescence, intimacy
becomes the prime goal.
• Can you list the intimacy
differences between men and
women?
Adulthood and Aging
 Adulthood
Early Adulthood
Middle Adulthood

Late Adulthood
 Physical Changes

• All physical
abilities
essentially
peak by our
mid twenties
(this is why I
am the perfect
male
specimen).
 Physical Milestones
• Menopause: the natural ending of a woman’s
ability to reproduce.
• There are physical symptoms led by a lack of
estrogen.
•What psychological effects can
menopause have?
Men do not experience anything like
menopause.
We can pretty much produce sperm forever.
 Life Expectancy
• Life Expectancy keeps increasing- now
about 75.

•Women outlive men by about 4 years.

•But more men are conceived 126 to 100.
Then 105 to 100 by birth. In other words,
men die easier.
Sensory Abilities
 Health
• Bad news: is as we get older our immune
system weakens, thus we become more
susceptible to life threatening ailments
(cancer).
• Good News: because older build up a
collection of antibodies throughout the years,
they get minor colds less often.
 Age and Driving
• The brain processes information at slower
speeds.
 Alzheimer’s Disease
• A progressive and irreversible brain disorder
characterized by gradual deterioration of
memory, language and physical functioning.
• Runs its course in 5 to 20 years.
• Deterioration of neurons that produce the
neurotransmitter….
Acetylcholine

Estrogen supplements may stop the onset of

Alzheimer’s Disease.
Cognitive Changes
• We tend to remember
events from our teens and
twenties.
• Difference between
recognition and recall.
Recognition remains
stable. Recall declines with
old age.
 Do old people get stupid?
• Cross-sectional studies show decline.
• Longitudinal Studies show consistency.

What is the difference?

Cross-sectional studies: study with people of

different ages studied at the same time.
Longitudinal Studies: same people studied and
retested over a period of time.
But there are different types of intelligence.

• Crystallized intelligence: one’s accumulated

knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase
with age.

Fluid Intelligence: one’s ability to reason speedily

and abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood.
Social Development of Adults

Social Clock
Culturally preferred timing of
certain events.
 Love and Marriage

• What kind of marriages work?

5 to 1 ratio of positive to negative
interactions.
• Reproduction After Menopause -
With help of technology, women can
now conceive and carry a baby to
term after menopause. (Very Rare)

• The age of the mother is a

controversial issue, while the age of
the father is not.
 Case Study
 A 66 year old woman by the name of Maria del
Carmen Bousada from Spain who suddenly decided
she wanted to have a baby

 Came to the United States, lied about her age, told

the doctors that she was 55 and had an in-vitro
fertilization procedure performed.

 The procedure was successful and resulted in the

birth of twins (boys), giving her the record for being
the oldest woman to give birth.

 The procedure cost over $59,000 not including the

cost of preparation, travel, and all other medical
expenses.

 She passed away at age 69 of cancer, which may be

related to the influx of hormones given to her
when she was trying to conceive. http://208.111.134.1/video/playlist/
5895/1022548?cpt=8&title=health
&wpid=0
• Be ready for the quiz next
week about our previous
lesson that transpired.