GEOLOGICAL

HAZARDS
Group 5
DEGORIO, MARY GRACE
MACALE, DOLYN MAE,
GAZO, JOSHUA KIAN
SUMBILLA, LALAINE
GUITORIA, ANDREI JOHN
JONGAYA, GHAYVEN MARCO
What is
Geological
Hazards?
 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
DEFINITION

⊷ Is one of several types

of adverse geologic
conditions capable of
causing damage of
loss of property lives
and life.

3
 COMMON GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

WILDFIRE ICE JAM MUDFLOW

VOLCANIC
PYROCLASTIC
ERUPTION AVALANCHE
FLOW
S

EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDE SINKHOLE

4
 WILDFIRE
Is an uncontrolled fire in
an area of combustible
vegetation occuring in
rural area.

5
 ICE JAMS
⊷ Occur when floating river ice
accumulates at a natural or man-
made feature that impeded the
progress of the icemedia
downstream with the river
current.Ice jams can significantly
be reduce the flow of a river and
cause upstream flooding-
sometimes called ice dams.

6
 MUD FLOW
Is a form of mass wasting
involving'very rapid to
extremely rapid surging
flor odit debris that has
become partially or fully
liquefied by the addition of
significant amounts of
water to the source
material.
7
 PYROCLASTIC
FLOW
⊷ A pyroclastic flow (also known
as a pyroclastic density current
or a pyroclastic cloud)is a fast-
moving current of hot gas and
volcanic matter (collectively
known as tephra) that moves
away from a volcano about 100
km/h (62 mph) on average but
is capable of reaching speeds
up to 700 km/h (430 mph).
8
 VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
-occurs when hot
materials from the Earth's
interior are thrown out of a
volcano. Lava, rocks,
dust, and gas compounds
are some of these
"ejecta".
9
 AVALANCES
⊷ Is an event that occurs
when a cohesive slab
of snow lying upon a
weaker layer of snow
fractures and slides
down a steep slope.

10
 EARTHQUAKES
-Is the shaking of the
surface of the earth
resulting from a sudden
release of energy in the
Earths lithosphere that
creates seismic waves.

11
WHAT IS
LANDSLIDE?
 LANDSLIDES
-cause permanent deformation as
a result of the downward and
outward movements of large
volumes of soil and/or rock down
slopes under the influence of the
force of gravity.

13
 RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
DEVASTATING LANDSLIDE IN THE PHILIPPINES: APRIL 22, 2011

14
 DEVASTATING LANDSLIDE IN THE
PHILIPPINES

15
 SEARCH AND RESCUE

16
 DEVASTATING LANDSLIDE IN THE
PHILIPPINES

18
 PHYSICS OF LANDSLIDES
Landslides occur naturally.

Landslides can be triggered and/or exacerbated

by:

1) Water (from precipitation during a tropical

storm, hurricane, or typhoon), or

19
2) Vibrations (from earthquake ground shaking.
WHAT IS
SINKHOLE
S?
 SINKHOLES
-Catastrophic collapse
typically find in areas where
limestone is bedrock

-A sinkhole is a depression in
the ground that has no natural
external surface drainage.
21 Water drains to the subsurface
22
23
 FACTORS OF SINKHOLES
Aquifer systems

-The soil above the system is

balanced by the water pressure in
the aquifer. When water is
removed from system it
destabilizes the pressure,
increasing the chance of a
sinkhole formin
24 -
 Karst Terrain
⊷ landscape formed from
the dissolution of
soluble rocks like
limestone and gypsum.
⊷ characterized by
sinkholes, caves, and
underground drainage
systems
25
 TYPES OF SINKHOLES
Dissolution sinkholes
⊷ ground with little
overburden
⊷ Water erodes the rock
away
⊷ deep impression in the
ground forming a basin
26
 Cover-collapse sinkhole
⊷ Water erodes rock away underneath overburden
⊷ Overburden soil loses stability
⊷ Rapid and sudden collapse
⊷ Can take weeks or years to reach point of collapse

27
 Human involvement

⊷ Leaky pipes
⊷ Sewer leakage
⊷ Pumping of
groundwater
⊷ Construction
⊷ Water diversion

28
 FAMOUS SINKHOLES
Devil’s Sinkhole, Texas, U.S.A.
40 ft. by 60 ft. opening , 400 ft. down

29
 CAUSES OF
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Related topics:
Landslides
Sinkholes

30
 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
⊷ Water: Perhaps the most common trigger of a landslide, water
reduces the friction between the bedrock and the overlying
sediment, and gravity sends the debris sliding downhill. In sand
and clay soils, a small amount of water may increase stability.
You've likely seen this when building a sand castle or working
with clay. However, the sediment gets heavier as more water is
added and that can cause it to flow downhill. This is why many
landslides occur after rainstorms [source: Washington Geological
Survey].
⊷ Earthquakes: If the Earth's crust vibrates enough to disrupt the
force of friction holding sediments in place on an incline, a
landslide can strike. Seismic activity can also make it easier for
31 water to seep into the soil, further destabilizing the slope.
 CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
Wildfires: Plants help keep the soil stable by holding it
together like glue with their roots. When this glue is
removed, the soil loosens, and gravity acts upon it
much more easily. The loss of vegetation after a fire
makes the razed land susceptible to slides.
Volcanoes: Several characteristics of volcanoes make
them fertile starting points for especially destructive
landslides. On the next page, you'll learn just how
powerful these volcanic landslides can be.

32
 CAUSES OF SINKHOLES
⊷ Underneath soil/rock
is dissolved by
groundwater flowing
through the material.
⊷ Human involvement

33
 SIGNS OF
IMPENDING OF
GEOLOGICAL
HAZARDS

34
 Landslide Warning Signs
-Springs, seeps or saturated ground in areas that are
not usually wet.
-New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street
or sidewalks.
-Soil moving away from foundations, or the tilting or
cracking of concrete floors and foundations.
-Sunken or down-dropped road beds.
-Rapid increase in creek water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased soil content.
35 -A sudden decrease in creek water levels even
 ⊷ Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or
boulders knocking together, might indicate
moving debris.
⊷ Areas prone to landslides
⊷ -On existing old landslides.
⊷ -On or at the base of slopes.
⊷ -In or at the base of minor drainage hollows.
⊷ -At the base or top of an old fill slope.
⊷ -At the base or top of a steep cut slope.
⊷ -Developed hillsides where leach field septic
36
 SINKHOLE WARNING SIGNS
-Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
-Foundations that slant
-New small ponds that appear after rain
-Cracks in the ground
-Sudden drainage of a pond
-Rapid appearance of a hole in the ground
-Dips, depressions, slopes that appear in a
yard
37
-Dead patches of grass or plants
 -Wilted vegetation in a limited area
-Well water that is discolored or contaminated with
debris
-Cracking or buckling of home’s concrete slab
-Presence of odd bugs like slugs and centipedes in the
home
-Earthy odor in home after rain
New or widening cracks
-Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
-Cracks in interior walls
-Cracks around door and window frames
38
 -Cracked grout between tiles
-Cracked tiles
-Stairstep cracks in blocks or bricks
-Uneven floors, warping of hardwood,
bulging or sagging sections
-Doors or windows that don’t open or
close easily
-Cracks in sheetrock near doors or
windows
39
 -All homes are subject to some
settling. Any of these signs could exist
without the presence of a sinkhole;
however, the presence of one or more
calls for further careful observation and
an abundance of caution.

40
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS
Related topics:
Landslides
Sinkholes

41
 LANDSLIDE
The Top 10 provinces that are at
risk to earthquake induced
shallow landslide are:
1. Ifugao
2.Lanao Del Sur
3.Saranggani
4. Benguet
5.Mountain Province
6.Bukidnon
7.Aurora
8.Davao Del Sur
9.Davao Oriental
10. Rizal
42
 SINKHOLE
The Mines and Geosciences Bureau
(MGB) is racing to map out “concealed
sinkholes” in Bohol and Cebu, saying
that they pose a “greater hazard” with
the continuing aftershocks jolting the
Central Visayas in the year 2013.

43
 MITIGATION
STRATEGIES TO
PREVENT LOSS OF
LIVES AND PROPERTIES
Related topics:
Landslides
Sinkholes

44
 Awareness, education, preparedness, and
prediction and warning systems can reduce
the disruptive impacts of a natural disaster
on communities. Mitigation measures such
as adoption of zoning, land-use practices,
and building codes are needed, however, to
prevent or reduce actual damage from
hazards. This is achieved through risk
analysis, which results in information that
provides a foundation for mitigation activities
that reduce risk, and flood insurance that
protects financial investment.
45
 LANDSLIDE
S

46
 Before
-The key to staying safe is to prepare and to have an emergency
plan in place.
-Find out if you live in an area where landslides could potentially
happen.
-Landslides may also be referred to as mudslides, debris flows,
mudflows or debris avalanches.
-Listen to local news and weather reports for any potential landslide
watches and warnings in your area.
-Talk with your family and neighbours about what you would do
during a landslide. Identify a safe place to gather.
-Have practice drills with your family, so you know what to do and
are prepared.
-Become familiar with the land around where you live and work so
47
that you understand your risk in different situations.
 -Avoid actions that could increase instability. For example,
don’t undercut a steep bank; don’t build near the top or base of
steep slopes; don’t place fill on steep slopes; and don’t drain
swimming pools or otherwise increase water flow down steep
slopes.
-Learn how to recognize the signs of potential imminent
landslides. This could include slope cracks, slope bulges, an
unusual seepage of water on the slope, sudden changes in
stream flow and small rocks falling.
-Watch the patterns of storm water drainage on slopes near
your home, especially where runoff water converges.
-Know who to notify if you see these signs. Have municipal
emergency contact numbers on hand.
-Have your emergency kit ready
48
 During
-Be prepared to evacuate at a moment’s notice.
-If you suspect imminent danger evacuate immediately. Inform
affected neighbours if you can, and contact your public works, fire or
police department.
-Listen for unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as
trees cracking or boulders knocking together.
If indoors:
-Find cover in the part of the building that is the furthest from the
approaching landslide.
-Take shelter under a strong table or a bench.
-Hold on firmly and stay put until all movement has stopped.
If outdoors:
-Move quickly away from its likely path, keeping clear of
embankments, trees, power lines and poles.
-Stay away from the landslide area. The slope may experience
49
 After
Continue to take precautions and listen to and follow
directions from local authorities.
Listen to the radio, watch your local news channels, and/or
follow your local news outlet and/or emergency officials on
social media for further instructions from officials and local
leaders.
Stay away from the slide area until local officials say it is safe
to enter.
Look for and report broken utility lines to appropriate
authorities. Reporting potential hazards will get the utilities
turned off as quickly as possible, preventing further hazard
and injury.

50
 -Check your home’s foundation, chimney and surrounding land
for damage.
-Replant damaged ground as soon as possible because erosion
caused by loss of ground cover can lead to flash flooding.
-If you suspect your home is unsafe, do not enter. Rely on the
professionals to clear your home for re-entry, if you are unsure.

51
 SINKHOLES

52
 Before
The first step of sinkhole emergency preparedness is to
improve your knowledge about the emergency warning
signals and alert notifications used in your community.
Following on from this you should check your property and
its surrounding area for signs of a sinkhole forming for
example:
In Your Property or Building Check For:
-Cracks in the exterior of the property, such as in the block or
stucco
-Cracks in the interior of the property including areas along
joints, windows, or doors
-Doors and windows that don’t close properly
-Sloping or uneven floors
53
-Muddy or cloudy well water
 Outside Your Property check for:
-Previously buried items, such as fence posts, and trees becoming
exposed as the ground sinks
-Gullies and areas of bare soil, that form as soil is carried towards the
sinkhole
-A circular pattern of ground cracks around the sinking area
-Localized, gradual ground settlement
-Formation of small ponds, as rainfall accumulates in new areas
-Slumping or falling trees or fence posts
-Sudden ground openings or ground settlement
-Interrupted plumbing or electrical service due to damaged utility lines
-Dead or wilting vegetation caused by water being drawn away by the
sinkhole

54
 During
-If a sinkhole suddenly starts to appear, you will need to quickly
assess the situation and decide whether you’re going to
evacuate or shelter in Place. If in doubt you should not take any
chances and leave the immediate area in search of safer
ground.
Here are some basic guidelines to follow if you have a
sinkhole on or near your property:
-Don’t get too close, watch out for surface cracks and stay well
back
-If the hole is very large and a risk to others, contact local police
or emergency responders
-Keep children away
-Notify all local occupants

55
 After
-The main priorities after the occurrence of a Sinkhole will be to get
disaster relief and undertake the tasks of clean-up and salvage.
Refilling and repairing Sinkholes should only be carried out by
qualified, reliable people or companies.

-Do not refill a sinkhole with trash or debris because filling a

sinkhole with waste materials is illegal and may cause groundwater
contamination for which the property owner would be liable. If the
amount of material needed to fill the hole it is too large for just soil
then more materials such as concrete and large rock may be
needed. Its also important to try to divert any excess water away
from a hole before, during and after filling.
56
 Thank
you!
57