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21st CENTURY DISEASES
21st CENTURY DISEASES
- The individual
experiences the typical
symptoms of the
infectious diseases.
4. DECLINE PHASE
• COMMUNICABLE • ZOONOTIC
- Disease that is - A disease that normally
transmitted from a source exists in animals but can
to another by bacteria or be transmitted to
virus humans.
• CONTAGIOUS
- A communicable disease
that is rapidly spreading
in different individuals
INFECTIONS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES
AND ORGANS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
THE SKIN:
BACTERIAL
FUNGAL
1. IMPETIGO
2. ERYSIPELAS 1. ATHLETE’S FOOT
3. CELLULITIS 2. JOCK ITCH
4. FOLLICULITIS 3. RINGWORM
5. FURUNCLE
6. CARBUNCLE
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:
IMPETIGO ERYSIPELAS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:
CELLULITIS FOLLICULITIS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:
FURUNCLE CARBUNCLE
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE SKIN:
RINGWORM
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
THE EYES:
1. CONJUNCTIVITIS
2. BLEPHARITIS
3. KERATITIS
4. CHOREORETINITIS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EYES:
CONJUNCTIVITIS BLEPHARITIS
• a.k.a “PINK EYE” • Inflammation of the eyelids
• Most common eye infection • Usually seen in “pinkeye
caused by: conjunctivitis”
- Viruses (adenovirus or cold
virus)
- Bacteria (Chlamydia,
Staphylococci and Streptococci)
• Symptoms: redness,
inflammation of eyelids, watery
and pus discharge, sensitivity
to light
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE EYES:
KERATITIS CHORIORETINITIS
Can be caused by: • Often caused by
- Bacteria (S. aureus and toxoplasmosis and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) cytomegalovirus infections
common in contact lens • Characterized by floating
users black spots, blurry vision,
- Virus (Herpes Simplex pain, redness in the eye,
Keratitis or Dendritic sensitivity to light and
keratitis) and (Herpes zoster excessive tearing
keratitis or eye herpes)
CONJUNCTIVITIS BLEPHARITIS
KERATITIS CHORIORETINITIS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
UPPER RESPIRATORY
1. TONSILLITIS
2. PHARYNGITIS
3. LARYNGITIS
4. SINUSITIS
1. BRONCHITIS
- Inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the bronchi
- Viral bronchitis (more common)
typically caused by rhinovirus
and influenza
- Bacterial bronchitis may be
caused by Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
pneumoniae, Bordetella
pertussis, Streptococcus
pneumoniae and Haemophilus
influenzae
LOWER RESPIRATORY
2. PNEUMONIA
- Most common cause is
S. pneumoniae.
- Characterized by: productive
coughs, fever, chills, shortness of
breath, chest pain and increased
respiratory rate
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL
CAVITY:
1. GINGIVITIS
2. BLISTERS AND SORES CAUSED BY HERPES
SIMPLEX VIRUS
3. ORAL CANCER CAUSED BY PAPILLOMAVIRUS
4. ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS (dental caries,
periodontal infection, pericoronitis of
erupting teeth)
5. PERIODONTITIS, inflammation of the
periodontal attachment of the teeth
(common chronic bacterial infection)
6. ORAL THRUSH caused by Candida species
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
GASTROENTERITIS
- PARASITIC
- VIRAL
- BATERIAL
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF
THE GENITAL TRACT:
1. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE (PID)
- Infections of the upper female
reproductive tract
- Can cause irreversible damage
to the uterus, ovaries and
fallopian tubes which can lead
to female infertility
Ex. Of PID
SALPINGITIS
- Infection and
inflammation of the
fallopian tubes caused
by Chlamydia and
gonorrhea
- Characterized by severe
pain in the abdomen
2. VAGINITIS
- Infection of the lower
reproductive tract specifically,
vagina
- Can be caused by Candida
spp., Trichomonas vaginalis,
Chlamydia infection, genital
herpes, and Human Papilloma
virus
3. VULVOVAGINITIS
- Infection of the lower
reproductive tract, specifically
the vagina and vulva
4. CERVICITIS
- Infection of the cervix
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
1. SEPSIS – infection of the blood
- Commonly caused by Streptococcus
pyogenes
2. VASCULITIS – infection of the blood
vessels
- Occur in response to sepsis
3. HEART INFECTIONS
ENDOCARDITIS – infection of the
lining of the heart and heart valves
caused by Staphylococcus aureus and
Enterococcus
or Candida fungi.
MYOCARDITIS - infection of the
myocardium and is usually caused
by a virus.
- Bacterial myocarditis is caused
by Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus
1. Antiviral medicines
(Ribavirin) and
Corticosteroids
2. Supportive care such
as, ventilators and
good nursing care
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME (AIDS)
SALIENT FEATURES:
- Viral infection in humans
caused by the retrovirus,
Human Immunodefiency
Virus (HIV)
- Characterized by weakened
immune system as the HIV
slowly invades the body
and uses the CD4-T cells to
reproduce itself.
Mode of
Transmission:
1. Multiple and
unprotected
sexual
contact
2. Blood and
blood
products
3. Vertical
transmission
(Mother to
baby)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
- Inretractable diarrhea
(lasts for more than a
week)
- Unproductive cough
- Pneumonia
- Fatigue
- Weight loss
- Recurring fever
- Swollen lymph glands
LABORATORY TESTS:
SCREENING:
Enzyme Linked
Immunosorbent Assays
(ELISA)
CONFIRMATORY:
Western Blot
Development Stages of AIDS:
Primary stage:
- very short period (1-6 weeks), usually
characterized by flu-like illness and
most of the time ASYMPTOMATIC
Secondary stage:
- Can last for an average of 10 years
- Generally, free from symptoms,
though some patients have swollen
lymph glands
- The level of HIV lowers and HIV
antibodies become detectable
Tertiary stage:
- Symptoms are mild
- Immune system is
deteriorating
- Emergence of opportunistic
infections and cancers
Quaternary stage:
- Immune system weakens and
illnesses become more severe
- Development of AIDS
Most common Opportunistic
Infections associated with AIDS
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION CHARACTERISTICS
CANDIDIASIS (THRUSH) Fungal infection of the mouth, throat or
vagina
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) Viral infection (eyes)
Oral herpes (cold sores) or Genital herpes Viral infection of the face, mouth & genitals
Mycobacterium avium complex Bacterial infection that can cause recurring
fever, general sick feeling, serious weight
loss and digestion problems
• SWINE INFLUENZA
AVIAN INFLUENZA
• a.k.a Avian flu or Bird flu • Strains of avian influenza
• Infectious disease of birds viruses that are
caused by type A strains pathologic to humans :
of the influenza virus H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N
• Commonly contracted and H9N2
during the handling of • Avian influenza A
dead or infected birds or subtype H5N1 – is a
from contact with the emerging avian influenza
infected fluids of birds virus in Asia, Europe,
Middle East and Africa
SWINE INFLUENZA
- Confirmed by Positive
serologic test (Monospot
and EBV antibody
(heterophil) test)and
presence of 50%
lymphocytes and 10%
atypical lymphocytes
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