Sport Presentation

By Scott Cadmore
Skeleton System
The skeleton provides a framework that supports your
muscles and skins and protects internal organs.
It is made up of 206 bones

Skeletal system is made out of bones, cartilage and

joints
Skeleton functions
Support-The bones give your body shape and provides a
supporting framework for the soft tissue of the body
Protection-The bones surround and protect vital tissues
and organs in your body. The skull protects the brain,
your thorax protects your heart and lungs , the
vertebral column protects your spinal cord and your
pelvis protects your abdominal and reproductive organs
Skeletal functions continued
Attachment for skeletal muscle- Parts of your skeleton
provides a surface for your skeletal muscles to attach to
allowing you to move, tendons attach muscle to bone .
Muscles pulling on bones cause movement at the joints.
Source of blood production- Blood vessels feed the centre
of the bones and stored within are bone marrow, marrow
in long bones is continually producing red and white
blood cells.
Store of minerals- Bone is a reservoir for minerals such as
calcium and phosphorus which are essential for bone
growth and healthy bones.
Axial Skelelton
 Axial skeleton forms main core of the skeletal system

 Axial skeleton has 80 bones in the head and the trunk of the
body.

 Has 3 parts, the human skull, thorax, vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton
 The Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126 bones in the
human body is broken down into six major regions
 1) Pectoral Girdles (4 bones)
 2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones)
 3) Hands (58 bones)
 4) Pelvis (2 bones)
 5) Thigh and leg (8 bones)
 6) Feet (56 bones)
Axial and Appendicular Skeletons

Picture on right shows the axial

skeleton in green and the
appendicular skeleton in purple
The Vertebral column
The vertebral column is made up of 5 sections

Cervical, Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum,

coccyx
Type of bones
There are five types of bones they are:

Long bone- are found in the limbs

Short bone-are small light and strong

Flat bones-are thin flattened and slightly curved

Irregualar bones- complex shape

Sesamoid bone- have a specialised function

Long bones
A bone that is categorised as a lone bone has to be
longer than it is wide.
The long bones have a shaft known as the diaphysis and
two expanded ends known as the epiphysis
Long bones include the femur, tibia and fibia in the leg
and in the arm the humorous, radius and ulna.
Pictures of Long bones
Short bones
Short bones are small ,light, strong, cube shaped bones
consisting of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer
of compact bone.
Examples of short bones are carpals and tarsals of the
wrist and ankles
Pictures of Short bones
Flat bones
Flat bones are thin , flattened and slightly curved and
have a large surface area.
Examples of a flat bone are scapula, sternum and
cranium
Irregular bones
Irregular bones have complex shapes

Examples include the bones of the spine

Sesamoid bone
Seasamoid bone have a specialised function

Are found within a tendon such as the patella in the

knee
Major Joints
Joints allow movement to occur, this happens when two
bones meet this is known as articulation.
There are 3 Major types of joints these are:

Fibrous

Cartilagenous

Synovial
Fibrous
Fibrous joint also know as a fixed joint

A fibrous joint by only held together by a bands of tough

fibrous tissues
The most common joint is in the skull.
Cartilaginous
These joints occur where the connection between the
articulating bones is made up of cartilage for example
between vertebrae in the spine.
A Cartilaginous joint allow slight movement joint
Synovial Joint
 Synovial joints the most common type of joint within the
human body. They are highly moveable and all have synovial
capsule surrounding the entire joint, a synovial membrane
which secretes synovial fluids and cartilage known as hyaline
cartilage which pads the ends of the articulating bones,

 There are 6 types of synovial joints which are classified by

the shape of the joint and the movement available.
Features of a Synovial joint
 All synovial joints have :

 An outer sleeve or joint capsule to help hold bones in place

and protect joint

 A synovial membrane which produces a liquid call synovial

fluid to lubricate the joint

 A joint cavity which is a gap between the articulating bones

 Articular cartilage on the ends of the bones to stop bones

knocking or grinding

 Ligaments to hold bones together and keep in place.

Hinge joint
 A hinge joint allows flexion and extension movement which is
the decrease or increase of an angle.

 Hinge joints are found within the elbow and the knee

 A hinge joint is used in sport when pulling the leg back before
striking a football
Pivot Joint
 A pivot joint allows rotation around a bone around another
bone and allows rotation movement

 Pivot joint is found in the neck in the axis and atlas

 A pivot joint would be used to make a glancing header in

football
Ball and Socket
 Movement around a ball and socket joint is Flexion,
Extension, Adduction, Abduction

 Ball and socket joint can be found in the hip and the shoulder

 Ball and socket is used when throwing, hurdling and during a

golf swing.
Condyloid joint
• Similar to ball and socket joint

• Where one bone sits in a hollow formed by another

• Movement is backwards and forwards and side to side

• This is found in the wrist

• A sporting example is when cricketer puts leg spin on a ball

Saddle
 Similar to Condyloid but surfaces are concave convex

 Movement occurs backwards forwards and side to side

 This is found in the thumb

 A sporting example is in gymnastics

Gliding
 Gliding joint allows movement over a flat
surface in all directions but is restricted by
ligaments

 Found in carpals and tarsals

 A sporting example is in football striking a ball

Movement of the skeleton
 Movement of the skeleton is allowed due to joints and
muscles

 There are different types of movement which are :-

 Adduction, Abduction, Flexion, Extension ,Rotation,

Circumduction, Hyper Extension ,Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion
, Pronation, Supination
Adduction and Abduction
 Adduction is the movement of taking a limb towards the
midline of the body

 A sporting example for adduction is when lowering a weight

 Abduction is movement of taking a limb away from the

midline of the body

 A sporting example for Abduction is performing a kick in

martial arts
Flexion and Extension
Flexion is the decrease of an angle at a joint

Flexion is used to pitch a baseball

Extension is the increase of an angle at a joint

Extension is used to execute kicking a football

Rotation and Circumduction
Rotation is the circular movement along a long axis

Rotation is used to header a football

Circumduction is the movement to make a circular

shape at the end of a limb
Circumduction is used in sport when fencing.
Plantar and Dorsi flexion
Plantar Flexion is the movement that points the toes
downwards by straightening the ankle
A sporting example is jumping to shoot in basketball

Dorsi flexion is the upwards movement of the toes

Pronation and Suspination
Pronation is an inward rotation of the forearm so the
palm of the hand is facing backwards
Pronation occurs at the wrist joint when playing a
forehand shot in table tennis.
Suspination is the outward movement so palm is facing
forwards and radius and ulna are parrallell
Suspination is used when playing a backhand shot in
table tennis
Hyper extension
Hyper extension is the movement beyond the normal
anatomical position
Hyper extension occurs at the spine of a cricketer when
they arch their back when approaching the crease to
bowl
 Biceps and Triceps
Biceps

Triceps
Muscle Exercise activity
Bicep Arm curl or chin up
Tricep Press ups
 Deltoids and Pectorials
Pectorials

Deltoids

Deltoids
Muscle Exercise Activity
Deltoids Overhead lifting
Pectorals All pressing movements
 Rectus
Vastus medialis
Femoris
Vastus
intermedius
( sits under
Rectus
Femoris)

Vastus
Vastus laterils medialis
Muscle Exerise Activity

Quadriceps: Front Squat

Recrus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medials
Vastus intermedius
Hamstrings

Bicep
Femoris

Semitendinsus

Semimembranosus
Muscle Exercise Activity

Hamstring: Extending leg and flexing knee,

Semimem branosus running
Semitendinosus
Bicep femmoris
Rectus Abdominis
Muscle Exercise Activitys
Rectus Abdominis Sit-ups
 Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Gastrocnemius
Gastrocnemius

soleus

soleus
Muscle Exercise Activity
Gasatrocnemius Running,jumping and standing on tip-
toes

Soleus Running and jumpong

Tibialis anterior
Muscle Exercise Activity
Tibialis anterior Running and jumping exercise
Back muscles

Erector spinae Teres Major

Latissimus
dorsi
Muscle Exercise Activity
Erector Spinae Back extension
Teres major Rowing and pulling movements
Latissimus dorsi Rowing movements
Trapezius
Muscle Exercise Activity
Trapezius Overhead Lifting
Obliques and Glueteus maximus
Muscle Exercise Activity
Oblique Oblique curls
Gluteus Maximus Knee-bending movements, Cycling
References
 Used resources:

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.google.com

 http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php

 http://www.golfdigest.com

 http://e-radiography.net/ibase8/index.htm

 Sport level 3 book 1 by Adams , Barker, Gledhill, Lydon,

Mulligan, Phillippo and Sutton