Finding the topic, the main idea,

determine the words refrence, and

making conclusion

Kelompok 1
Senawati
Harniwati
Lindawati
Baiq subli nurlaili
Bacteria
Bacteria are small living things that can be found almost
everywhere. They live on the ground, in oceans, in the food
that we eat and even in our bodies. They have been on earth
long before there were any other organisms. Bacteria are so
small you can only see them with the help of a microscope.
They have only one cell and very simple structures.
The best way to protect yourself from bacteria is to keep
yourself clean and wash your hands. Because bacteria may be
transported by air, we should cover our nose and mouth when
we sneeze. Vitamins also help strengthen our immune system
and fight off bacteria.
Bacteria can be helpful to the human body as well. They
live in our stomach and help us digest food. Other bacteria
create cheese and yoghurt. Bacteria are at work in the soil and
decompose dead plants and animals
FINDING THE TOPIC

• The topic is the subject of general discussion of a

text. So what are we talking about in general
terms. The topic is not in the form of sentences,
but in the form of words or phrases. For example
topics about 'love', 'rainy season', 'school',
'economy', and 'politics'.
HOW TO DETERMINE A TOPIC IN
PARAGRAPHS
• Ask yourself, "what is the whole text about?" Or
"What did the writer teach me?"
• Write a word or phrase that answers what the
text is about. In your mind think, "The author
taught me about _____“
• Do not write topics with complete sentences, but
with one word or phrase (only combination of
words, no subject and predicate)
Topic
• Bacteria positive and negative
 THE MAIN IDEA
• Main ideas can be in the form of complete
sentences that contain part of the topic of
conversation. Main ideas contain the views or
opinions of writers on the topic being discussed.
Main ideas written in sentence form can also be
called topic sentences.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN IDEAS:
• - Main ideas must be contained in a complete
sentence / complete sentence, which consists of
subjects and predicates.
• - Main ideas are usually located at the beginning,
end, or even in the middle of a paragraph.

Quoted from: 2004 Ministry of National

Education research.
Main idea
• Bacteria are small living things that can be found
almost everywhere.
• The best way to protect yourself from bacteria is
to keep yourself clean and wash your hands
• Bacteria can be helpful to the human body as
well.
DETERMINE THE WORDS
REFRENCE
• Reference words are all the words used to refer to
words that have been explained previously
(before the reference word) (for example; said, as
such, so).
• Reference words are words that are commonly
used for the purpose of scientific study. Because
it is often used in scientific works or
conversations, such as theses, theses, seminars,
and the like.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF REFERENCE
WORDS
• the meaning contained is fixed or relatively unchanged
• - only has a single meaning
• -Have a relatively definite understanding.

REFERENCE WORDS

They
MAKING CONCLUSION
• Conclusions are the final opinion of a text or
paragraph. This conclusion aims to enable the
reader to know the results of a study, idea or
discourse.
STEPS TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS
• Generalization Techniques
Generalization technique is one technique in how to
make conclusions. The main focus in this technique is to
draw conclusions by drawing one general conclusion.
• analogy techniques
This technique is done by making a comparison
between one discussion with another discussion that is
similar.Then, find the equation associated with it. Ata
can also describe one thing by comparing other things.
• Technique of Cause and Effect
This technique is one way to determine conclusions
by explaining the causes of the consequences of these
causes. This causal technique is one way to make
conclusions aimed at clarifying the main ideas that have
been proposed in the introductory chapter.
Conclusion
• The conclusion we can draw from the above
reading is : bacteria ar small creatures that can
live anywhere and can only be seen with the help
of a microscope , so we need to keep ourselves
clean but bacteria also help the body to digest.