The following sign conventions shall also be

used:
• Distances above the origin are positive, while
distances below the origin are negative.
• Upward velocities are positive; downward
velocities are negative.
• Acceleration due to gravity (g) is always
negative. The origin is the point of release.
 Horizontally Thrown Projectile
• the angle of projection is zero.
• The initial velocity of the object is its initial horizontal
velocity.
• because the horizontal acceleration is zero, the horizontal
velocity remains constant.
• this velocity is also the object’s final horizontal velocity, as
well as its average horizontal velocity.
• the initial vertical velocity of the object is zero.
Sample Problem
• A marble rolls off the edge of a
table top with an initial speed of
15.0 m/s. In 0.50 s, how far does
it travel (a) vertically and (b)
horizontally?
•An football is punted with an
initial velocity of 12 m/s at an
angle of 65°. Find the horizontal
and vertical velocity components.
2. An object is projected from the
ground with an initial velocity of
24.5 m/s at 30° above the
horizontal. Find the (a) horizontal
and vertical components of its initial
velocity.
3. A golf ball was struck from the first
tee at Lunar Golf and Country Club. It
was given a velocity of 50 m/s at an
angle of 42 ° to the horizontal (a) What
are the vertical and horizontal
components of the ball’s initial
velocity?
 Practice Exercise
1. A marble rolls off horizontally from the
edge of a tabletop 1.50 m above the
floor. It strikes the floor 2.0 m from the
base of the table. (a) How long does it
take the marble to reach the floor? (b)
What is its initial speed?
•A ball is thrown up at an angle. The
vertical velocity is initially 2 m/s. It
reaches its highest point after .2
seconds. How high did it go? Find the
(a) horizontal and vertical components
of its initial velocity.
Projectile Launched at an Angle
•If a projectile is launched at an
angle either below or above the
horizontal, you need to resolve the
initial velocity into its horizontal
and vertical components.
•A projectile fired at an angle above Ө
above the horizontal rises to a maximum
height before it descends. Its finally lands
at a horizontal distance from its
launching point. This horizontal distance
is called range, which measured on the
assumption that the projectile returns to
the same level from which it is fired.
• A projectile thrown up at an angle
with the horizontal exhibits time and
speed symmetries. Time symmetry
means that the time for the projectile
to reach maximum height equals the
time for it to land on the same level as
its starting point.
• Speed symmetry shows that the
speed of the projectile at any
height above the starting point on
its way up is equal to its speed at
the speed at the same height on the
way down.
• The absolute values of the
angles that these speed make
with the horizontal are also
equal. However the velocities
are not equal because they point
in opposite directions.
Sample Problems
An object is projected from the ground with an
initial velocity of 24.5 m/s at 30° above the
horizontal. Find the (a) horizontal and vertical
components of its initial velocity, (b) time to
reach the maximum height, (c) time of flight,
(d) maximum height attained by the object, (e)
speed at the same maximum height, (f) range,
and the (g) velocity upon striking the ground.
Practice Problem
• An object is launched at a velocity of 20 m/s in a direction
making an angle of 25° upward with the horizontal.
A. What is the maximum height reached by the object?
B. What is the total flight time (between launch and
touching the ground) of the object?
C. What is the horizontal range (maximum x above ground)
of the object?
D. What is the magnitude of the velocity of the object just
before it hits the ground?
Projectile Motion and Sports
• Many sports involve throwing or kicking an
object such as a ball. Performance in these
activities depends on the ability to either control
or predict the motion of the object thrown or
kicked.
• To produced a desired trajectory or range for
the object, one must take into account the initial
speed, angle of projection , and the initial
position below or above the landing target .
MOMENTUM
•Linear Momentum or Simply Momentum is the
product of the mass and velocity of an object.
Like velocity, linear momentum is a vector
quantity, possessing a direction as well as a
magnitude:
P=mv
Momentum = mass • velocity
•Using P as a symbol for momentum.
The SI unit for momentum is kg•m/s.
• Every moving objects has momentum,
which may be large or small
depending on its mass and velocity.
- All objects have mass; so if an object is
moving, then it has momentum - it has its
mass in motion.
- The amount of momentum which an
object has is dependent upon two
variables:
- how much matter is moving?
- how fast the matter is moving?
 Sample Problem
1. Which has a greater momentum: a
cheetah with a mass of about 74 kg
and a running speed of up to 31 m/s,
or an elephant with a mass of 7000 kg
running at 18 km/hr?
2. A delivery truck carrying 75 cavans of rice is
traveling at 10.0 m/s. The mass of the truck and
one cavan of rice are 3000 kg and 50 kg,
respectively. The driver of the truck has a mass of
85 kg. (a) What is the magnitude of the
momentum of the truck with the driver and the
cavans of rice? (b) At a certain grocery, the driver
unloaded eight cavans. What is the new
momentum of the truck with the driver and the
cavans of rice if the driver maintains the same
speed?
3. A system is made up of three bodies.

Body Mass Velocity

A 1.5 kg 2.0 m/s, east
B 2.0 kg 3.0 m/s, west
C 5.2 kg 2.5 m/s, west
What is the momentum of the system?