GROUP 3

Godwin Aldrich Enriquez

Hamza Pautin
Jannah Abrielle Lorenzo
Kyle Darren Punzalan
Micah Gabrielle Caranto
Mike Jayson Navarte
Samantha Icaro
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Godwin Aldrich Enriquez
Hamza Pautin
Kyle Darren Punzalan
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• SUPPORT
– Gives form and shape
for body structures
• Head, face, thorax,
limbs
– Supports softer
underlying tissues
– Supports weight of
the body
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• PROTECTION
– Skull protects eyes, ears, brain
– Ribs protect heart, lungs, liver,
stomach, spleen, kidneys
– Pelvic girdle protects internal
reproductive organs, urinary bladder
– Vertebral column protects spinal cord
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• MOVEMENT
– Bone serves as a
point of
attachment for
muscles making
movement
possible
– Bones & muscles
function together
as levers
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM

BONES
A type of mineralized
connective tissue that
contains collagen
and calcium
phosphate. Bones
provide support and
protection for the
body's organs.
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM

CARTILAGE
A form of fibrous
connective tissue
that is composed of
closely packed
collagenous fibers.
Cartilage provides
flexible support for
certain structures
in adult humans.
MAJOR ORGANS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM

TENDON
A fibrous band of
connective tissue
that is bonded to
bone and connects
muscle to bone.
 MAJOR ORGANS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM

LIGAMENT
A fibrous band of
connective tissue
that joins bones
and other
connective tissues
together at joints.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
• Bones are classified according to their shape (5)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide
 Have a shaft with heads at both
ends
 Contain mostly compact bone
 Examples:
 Femur (thigh bone),
 humerus (arm bone),
 all the bones of the limbs
(except wrist and ankle)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 Short bones
 Generally cube-shape
 Contain mostly spongy bone
 Examples: Carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

 Flat bones
 Thin layers of compact
bone around a layer of
spongy bone
 Usually curved
 Examples: Skull, ribs,
sternum (breastbone),
scapula (shoulder
blade)
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 Sesamoid (round) bones
 Small and nodular
 Embedded within tendons
adjacent to joints
 Example: kneecap
(patella)
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• Skeletal system
is divided into
two main
division
– Axial – central
skeleton that
protects and
supports vital
organs

– Appendicular –
skeleton of the
extremities
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• Composed of skull and

vertabrae
• Mainly flat and
irregular bones
• Serve to protect organs
such as brain, heart,
and lungs
• Also helps to support
body along central axis
(backbone)
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• Skull – protects brain

• Vertebrae – protect
spinal chord ;also
serves to keep skeleton
upright
• Ribs – protect lungs
and heart ; gives
intercostal muscles a
hard surface to move
against for breathing
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• Skull is divided into

2 sets of bones
– Cranium – collection of
8 bones which hold
and protect brain

– Facial bones – 14
bones that make up the
face; all but 2 are
paired
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• Made of bones
which connect
and protect
heart and lungs

• Ribs, Costal
Cartilage, and
Sternum
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• 12 pairs of ribs, each

connects to a thoracic
vertebrae
• First 7 pairs = true ribs;
attach directly to sternum
• Last 5 pairs = false ribs;
indirect or no attachment;
last two are floating (no
sternal attachment)
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• Fusion of three bones

• 1) Manubrium (top)
• 2) Body (middle)
• 3) Xiphoid Process
(bottom)
• Location for rib
attachment
• Surrounded by costal
cartilage
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• Supports body
• Connects skull to pelvis
• Sends weight down to
pelvis, where it is
transmitted through
the legs
• Surrounds and protects
spinal cord
• 26 total bones
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
AXIAL

• 4 main divisions
– 1) Cervical curvature
– 2)Thoracic curvature
– 3)Lumbar curvature
– 4)Pelvic
• Sacrum
• Thorax
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR

• The appendicular
skeleton consists
of 126 bones. The
primary bones of
this skeleton are
the shoulder or
pectoral girdle,
arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs,
and feet.
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR

• Juncture point for

axial skeleton and
lower body
• Holds internal organs
• Distributes weight
down legs
• 3 fused bones
• Obturator foramen-
large hole through
which nerves and
muscles pass
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR
Leg bones
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR

• Also called
pectoral girdle

• Composed of
only two bones
– Clavicle
– Scapula
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR

• Collar bone
• Double-curved
• Attaches medially to
manubrium of sternum
• Attaches laterally to
scapula
• Acts as a brace, keeping
arm away from thorax
• Also prevents shoulder
dislocation
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR

• Shoulder Blade
• Main function is
attachment of shoulder
• Major point of muscle
attachment for
movement of arms
• Weakly attached to
thorax, so moves easily
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM:
APPENDICULAR

• Arms
composed of
long bones

• Humerus
(upper arm)

• Radius and
Ulna
(forearm)
 MECHANISM

The terms osteogenesis and ossification are often used

synonymously to indicate the process of bone formation.
Parts of the skeleton form during the first few weeks after
conception. By the end of the eighth week after
conception, the skeletal pattern is formed in cartilage and
connective tissue membranes and ossification begins.
Ossification
 How do bones break?
• Stress fractures happen when too much pressure is placed on the same spot on a bone
over long periods of time. Over time, the pressure from small impacts weakens the
bone until it begins to crack along the surface. These cracks can be very small at first
but get bigger and bigger if they are not given a chance to heal.
 4 Stages to Repair a Broken Bone
a) The formation of the hematoma at the break,
b) The formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus,
c) The formation of a bony callus, and
d) Remodelling and addition of compact bone.
Fractures
A fracture is a
break, usually in a
bone. If the broken
bone punctures the
skin, it is called an
open or compound
fracture. Fractures
commonly happen
because of car
accidents, falls, or
sports injuries. Other
causes are low bone
density and
osteoporosis, which
cause weakening of
the bones.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis, which
literally means
porous bone, is a
disease in which the
density and quality of
bone are reduced. As
bones become more
porous and fragile,
the risk of fracture is
greatly increased.
The loss of bone
occurs silently and
progressively. Often
there are no
symptoms until the
first fracture occurs.
Osteogenesis
Imperfecta
Also called brittle
bone disease, rare
hereditary disease of
connective tissue
charachterized by
brittle bones that
fracture easily. OI
arises from a genetic
defect that causes
abnormal or
reduced production
of the protein
collagen, a major
component of
connective tissue.
Rickets
Rickets, disease of
infancy and
childhood
characterized by
softening of the bones,
leading to abnormal
bone growth and
caused by lack of
vitamin D in the
body. When the
disorder occurs in
adults, it is known as
osteomalacia
Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
(CTS), condition of
numbness, tingling, or
pain in the wrist caused
by repetitive flexing or
stressing of the fingers
or wrist over a long
period of time. Possibly
the most common
repetitive stress injury in
the workspace, CTS is
frequently associated
with the modern office,
where the computer has
transformed the nature
of the work people do
with their hands and
arms.
 PROPER CARE

CONSUME
FOODS
AND
DRINKS
HIGH IN
CALCIUM
PROPER CARE

GET PLENTY
OF VITAMIN D
 PROPER CARE

EAT A
HEALTHY
DIET RICH IN
MANGANESE,
ZINC, AND
COPPER
PROPER CARE

DRINK AT
LEAST
EIGHT
GLASSES OF
CLEAN
WATER
EVERY DAY
 PROPER CARE

AVOID
EXCESSIVE
AMOUNTS OF
HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES
PROPER CARE

GET
ENOUGH
EXERCISE
 PROPER CARE

GET AT LEAST
EIGHT HOURS
OF SLEEP
EVERY NIGHT
PROPER CARE

WORK ON
GOOD
POSTURE
 PROPER CARE

AVOID
SMOKING
AND
DRINKING
IN EXCESS
PROPER CARE

ASK YOUR
DOCTOR TO
HELP WITH
PREVENTION