Understanding

Culture, Society
and Politics
WORDBUBBLES
 How do I play?
In Word Bubbles your challenge is to find
hidden words in a grid made of letter
bubbles.
Let’s get it started!
LEVEL 1: ALGAE
T I P O
E I L O D
E C A R L
E S Z J Q
E T U
P O L I T I C S
Score:

0
5 pts.
CORRECT!
LEVEL 2: PLANKTON
R E G E
E W O S E
E C I E E
T Y Y N E
D EA E G

S O C I E T Y
Score:

5
10 pts.
CORRECT!
LEVEL 3: CORAL
R E G W
E U S M E
C U T Z E
N L F E E
Z E E

C U L T U R E Score:

10
15 pts.
CORRECT!
CONGRATULATIONS!
Lesson Objectives:
1. demonstrate an understanding of human
cultural variation, social differences, social
change, and political identities
2. explain human cultural variation, social
differences, social change, and political identities
3. articulate observations on human cultural
variation, social differences, social change, and
political identities
DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY FROM THE
PERSPECTIVES OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND
SOCIOLOGY
1. Society as a group of people sharing a
common culture
2. Culture as a “that complex whole which
encompasses beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of society.”
(E.B. Tylor 1920 [1871]
 PROCESSING QUESTIONS:

1. Did you get something from the video?

2. What important concepts have you learned in the video?

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 Cultureis a society’s (or group’s) system of shared,
learned values and norms; as a whole, these values
and norms are the society’s (or group’s) design for
living
 Values: abstract ideas about the good, the right, the
desirable
 Norms: social rules and guidelines; determine
appropriate behavior in specific situations
 Folkways: norms of little moral significance
 dress code; table manners; timeliness

 Mores: norms central to functioning of social life

 bring serious retribution: thievery, adultery, alcohol
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

Material Culture – reflects

society’s values and a society’s
technology, the knowledge
Non Material Culture - reflects
that people apply to the task beliefs, values, concepts, customs
of living in their surroundings.

physical Philo-
books building
objects Beliefs Ethics Religion Customs sophies
 • These are the customary patterns that specify what is socially correct
and proper in everyday life.
• They are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of expected
Folkways behavior followed within a group of community.

• They define what is morally right and morally wrong.

• These are folkways with ethical and moral significance which are
Mores strongly held and emphasized.

• These are norms that are enforced formally by a special political

organization.
• Component of culture that regulates and controls the peoples behavior
Laws and conduct.

Source: Palispis, Epitacio S. (2007). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology.

Manila: Rex Publishing Corp.
Folkways
Folkways
Mores
Laws
Laws
Mores
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

 Ethnocentrism, is the practice of judging another culture

by the standards of one’s own culture.
 The feeling of superiority is a matter of training and
socialization and is reinforced at home, school and
environment.
 Cultural relativism, views the behavior of a people from
the perspective of their own culture. There are distinctive
subcultures within cultures and even organizations within
a culture.
 Cultureof one society should not be compared with one
another society’s culture as a perfect one.
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
Group Activity:(15 minutes)
1. Class will be divided into three (3) groups. Gather your group
mates and find a space to settle.
2. You will create a role-play that will show Cultural Relativism
in these situations:
1. LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual, Queer,
Intersex, Asexual)
2. Religious Conflicts between Muslims and Catholics
3. Colonial Mentality
 Rubrics:
5 3 1
RUBRICS
IDEAS The ideas of the group are Some ideas of the group All ideas are not
consistent. are inconsistent. consistent.

PRESENTATION The presentation is very The presentation is quite The presentation is

organized. organized. unorganized.

CONGRUENCY Concept is congruent. Some concepts are not Concepts are not
congruent. congruent.
Processing Questions:
After the activity, answer the following questions:

1. What particular part of the role play displayed Cultural

Relativism?
2. Do you think your role-play’s ending can be seen in real
life?
3. How can your version be seen in real life? What can you
do to make it possible?
QUIZ TIME

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 QUIZ TIME:
1. It refers to the totality of what man has learned as a
member of society.
2. These are customary patterns of everyday life that
specify what is socially correct and proper in everyday
life.
3. These consist of tangible things such as technological
tools, architectural, structures, food, etc.
4. They define what is morally right and morally wrong.
5. Culture of one society should not be compared with one
another society’s culture as a perfect one.
30
 QUIZ TIME:
6. is the practice of judging another culture by the
standards of one’s own culture.
7. that complex whole which encompasses beliefs,
practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of society.
8. a group of people sharing a common culture
9. These are norms that are enforced formally by a
special political organization.
10. It refers to social rules and guidelines 31
 QUIZ TIME:
11-15. Give the five (5) aspects of culture.
16. is the heart of all collective social activity, formal
and informal, public and private in all human groups
17. According to this author, human being is a political
animal.
18. “Politics is reserved for statesmen and
stateswomen.”
a. Bernard Crick b. Robert Dahl c. David Easton d. Michael Oakeshott

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 QUIZ TIME:
19. Politics refers to any activity involving human beings
associated together in relationship of power and
authority where conflict occurs.
a. Bernard Crick b. Robert Dahl c. David Easton d. Michael Oakeshott
20. Politics is a way of ruling in divided societies
without violence.”
a. Bernard Crick b. Robert Dahl c. David Easton d. Michael Oakeshott

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ANSWERS:
1. Culture
2. Folkways
3. Material Culture
4. Mores
5. Cultural Relativism
6. Ethnocentrism
7. Culture
8. Society
9. Laws
10. Norms
ANSWERS:
11. Learned
12. Symbolic
13. Integrated
14. Shared
15. Encompassing
16. Politics
17. Aristotle
18. d
19. b
20. a
Create a Social Media post of an original
quote/anecdote regarding Cultural
Relativism using the hashtag
#UnityInDiversity. Take a screenshot of
the post after 10 likes & print out to
submit next meeting.
HUMAN
ORIGINS
 Species Characteristics
- Species with a brain of a broca’s area which is
associated with speech in modern humans and
Homo habilis was the first to make stone tools. The ability to
make and use tools is a unique quality to humans
such that the species is recognized to be the
first true human.
- The species name means “Handy Man”. Lived
about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for
food.

Homo rudolfensis - Species characterized by a longer face, larger

molar and premolar teeth, and having a larger
braincase compared to habilis particularly larger
frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes
information. The species lived about 1.9 ton 1.8
million years ago.
 - The species name means “Upright Man” with body
Homo Erectus proportions similar to that of modern humans.
Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot
climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They
were the first hunters with improvised tools such as
axes and knives, and were the first produce fire.

- Species with large brow ridge and short wide

Homo heidelbergensis bodies that lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years
ago in Europe and Africa . They were first early
human species to live in colder climates, first to
hunt large animals on routine basis using spears,
and first to construct human shelters.

- Species nicknamed “hobbit” due to their small

Homo Floresiensis stature with a height of more or less 3 feet and
lived 95,000 to 17000 years ago in the island of
Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal
species.
 - Thespecies name means “Wise Man” that
Homo Sapiens appeared form 200,000 years ago. The
present human races belongs to this
species.
- Subspecies with short yet sticky in body build
Homo sapiens adapted to winter climates especially in icy cold
places in Europe and Asia. The subspecies, also
neanderthalensis known as “ Neanderthal Man,” is the closest
relative of modern humans. The first to practice
burial of their dead, hunting and gathering food,
and sewing clothes from animal skin using bone
needles. They lived about 200,000 to 28,000 years
ago.

Homo sapiens - Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon characterized to

be anatomically modern humans and lived in the
last Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years
sapiens ago. They were the first to produce art in cave
paintings and crafting decorated tools and
accessories.
 Paleolithic Age Traditionally -Use of simple pebble
tools.
(Old Stone Age ) coincided with the
- Learned to live in
first evidence of tool caves
construction and use -Discovered the use of
by Homosome 2.5 fire
million years ago -Developed small
sculptures and
monumental painting,
incised designs, and
 Neolithic Age Occurred sometime -Stone tools were shaped
by polishing or grinding.
(New Stone Age) about 10,000 BCE
- Settlement in
permanent villages.
-Dependence on
domesticated plants or
animals.
-Appearance of such
crafts as pottery and
weaving.
- “Food-producing
cultures”
Paleolithic Neolithic
Age Age

Unpolished Polished stone

Stone tools tools

Domestication
Hunting and
of plants and
gathering
animals

Nomadic way Living in

of living permanent
places
Characteristics of
Human Society
 Characteristics of Human
Society
1. It is a social system.

2. A society is relatively large.

3. A society recruits most of its members from within.

4. A society sustains itself across generations

5. A society’s member share culture.

6. A society occupies a territory.

Type of Human Society Characteristics

1. Hunting and Food - The earliest form of human Society

- People survived by foraging for
gathering Societies. vegetable foods and small game,
fishing, hunting larger wild animals,
and collecting shellfish.
- They subsisted from day to day on
whatever was available.
- They used tools made of stone,
woods, and bones.
 - People learned to use human
2.Horticultural muscle power and hand held
societies. tools to cultivate fields.
- Classified subsidence arming
and surplus farming.
SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
- Involves only producing
enough food to feed the
group.
- The settlements are small.
- Neighborhood is solid.---
-- Political organization is confined in the village.
- Authority is based on positions inherited by
males through the kinship system.
SURPLUS FARMING
- Practiced in thickly populated and permanent
settlements,
- There was occupational specialization with
prestige differences.
- Social stratification was well established.
- The community tended to be structured by
kinship relations that are male dominated.
 - It relied on herding and the
3. Pastoral domestication of animals for food and
Societies clothing to satisfy the greater needs of
the group.
- Most pastoralists were nomads who
followed their herds in a never-ending
quest for pasture and water.
- It was organized along male-centered
kinship groups.
- It was usually united under strong
political figures. However, centralized
political leadership did not occur.
Type of human Characteristics
Societies
4. Agricultural - These societies were characterized by the use of
the plow in farming.
Societies
- Creation of the irrigation system provided farming
enough surplus for the community.
- Ever-growing populations came together in broad
river-valley system.
- Those who controlled access to arable land and its
use became rich and powerful since they could
demand the payment of taxes and political support.
- By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the
political leaders could make bureaucracies
implement their plans and armies to protect their
privileges.
- Social classes became entrenched, and he state
Type of human Characteristics
Societies
5. Industrial - It is characterized by more than just the use of
Societies mechanical means of production.
- It constitutes and entirely new form of society that
requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized,
high skilled, and well-coordinated labor force.
- Creates a highly organized systems of exchange
between suppliers of raw materials and industrial
manufacturers.
- Industrial societies are divided along class lines
- Industrialism brought role in patterning public
affairs.
- Industrial societies are highly secularized
- The predominant form of social and political
organization in industrial societies is the
 Type of human Characteristics
Societies
6. Post-industrial - it depends on specialized knowledge to
Societies bring about continuing progress in
technology.
- It is characterized by the spread of
computer industries.
- Knowledge and information are the
hallmarks of this society.
- It resulted in the homogenization of
social relations among individuals and
the interaction between humans and the
natural environment.
 Socialization

 Man as a social being needs other people to survive. We

develop ourselves as human beings through our social
interaction. Socialization is continuing process whereby
an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the
norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to
his or her social position (http://www.dictionary.com).
The process of socialization is very essential because it
teaches us how to behave and act with in our society.
Hence, it is continuous process in life.
Socialization can be described from two points of view:
objective and subjective.
 Objective >> it refers to the society acting
socialization upon the child.

>> The process by which society

transmits its culture from one
Subjective generation to the next and adapts
socialization the individual to the accepted
and approved ways of organized
social life.
This perspective on socialization helps identity formation of
individuals which is essential in establishing his/her social
role. Like wise, it includes the following functions:
Personality and >> It is through the process of
role socialization that we develop our
development sense of identity and belongingness

>> The much- needed social skills

Skills
such as communication,
development
and training interpersonal, and occupational are
developed.
 >> Individuals are influenced or
Values
engulfed by the prevailing values of
formation
social groups and society.

>> The socialization process allows

Social
us to fit-in an organized way of life
Integration and
adjustments by being accustomed including
cultural setting
 >> Integration to society binds
individuals to the control
Social control mechanisms set forth by society’s
and stability norms with regard to acceptable
social relationships and social
behavior.
Socialization continues to be important part of human
development. It is an instrument on how an individual
will adapt to his existing environment in order to
survive. Sociologists say that the culture becomes
“internalized”,that the individual “imbibes” it, and that
in this way, “from the inside”, it continues to influenced
his conduct (Palispis, 2007 p. 112). The importance of
socialization is very vital in man’s daily life.
IMPORTANCE OF
SOCIALIZATION
Culture

Sex role Socialization

Differentiation
Personality
is vital to:
 AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

Socialization will not be take place without the agents

of socialization. These refer to the various social groups
or social institutions that play a significant role in
introducing and integrating the individuals as an
accepted and functioning member of society (Banaag,
2012 p. 138).
 Family
Mass
School
media

AGENTS OF
SOCIALIZATION
Work Church
place Peer
group
 The agents of socialization guide every individual in
understanding what is happening in our society. People
learn to determine what is proper, right and wrong ,
appropriate and inappropriate. Social norms were formed
in order to control individual behavior in a given society.
The following are forms of social NORMS:
 • These are the customary patterns that specify what os
socially correct and proper in everyday life.
• They are the repetitive or the typical habits and
Folkways patterns of expected behavior followed within a group
of community

• They define what is morally right and morally wrong.

• These are folkways with ethical and moral significance
Mores
which are strongly held and emphasized.

• These are norms that are enforced formally by

special political organization
Laws • Component of culture that regulates and controls
the people behavior and conduct.
According to Peter Worsley, values are general conception
of “ the good”, ideas about the kind of ends that people
should pursue throughout their lives and throughout the
many different activities in which they engage. Values
such as fundamental rights, patriotism, respect for human
dignity, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality,
democracy etc. guide our behavior in many ways.

Robin William attempted to identify the major values

orientation of many society:
Achievement and
success

Activity and work

Moral Orientation

Humanitarianism

Efficiency and
Practically
In a study about Filipino values, Jaime Bulatao, SJ,
discovered the following values held highly by the
Filipinos.
Emotional Closeness and Security in the
Family

Authority Value

Economic and Social Betterment

Patience, Suffering and Endurance

Socialization as a continuous process serve as an avenue
for developing self concept which is essential in role
identification. The self responds to categories called
social statuses (Clark and Robboy, 1986 p. 65). Social
statutes refers to the position an individual occupies in
society and implies an array of rights and duties (Linton,
1936 p. 113). Related to status is a social role which
involves the patterns of expected behavior in a social
relationship with one or more persons occupying other
statuses (Panopio, 1994 p. 97). Social statuses can be
classified in to two:
Ascribed Statuses Achieved Statuses

Those which are It acquired by choice,

assigned to the merit, or individual
individual from birth. efforts
It involves little It is made possible through
personal choice like special abilities or talents,
performance or opportunities
age and sex.
It carries with it certain Choice in occupation,
expectations of marriage, joining a religious
organization are examples.
 Conformity and Deviance

The identification of oneself in society is always relative to his/her

existing environment.Social role must be performed in connection with
the. expected behavior. Erving Goffman,in hos book the presentation of
self in everyday life, tried to show how certain social processes modify the
presentation of self and the impact of role expectations on the behavior of
an individual. To Goffman, Everyone is consciously playing a role. When
person present themselves to other in everyday interaction,they organize
their overt behavior in such a way as to guide and control the impressions
other form of them to elicit role-taking response (Panopio,et. al, 1994
p.99)
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1.Compliance
This occurs 'when an individual accepts influence because he
hopes to achieve a favourable reaction from another person
or group. He adopts the induced behavior because....he
expects to gain specific rewards or approval and avoid
specific punishment or disapproval by conformity' (Kelman,
1958, p. 53).
2. Internalization
This occurs 'when an individual accepts influence because the
content of the induced behavior - the ideas and actions of
which it is composed - is intrinsically rewarding. He adopts
the induced behavior because it is congruent [consistent]
with his value system' (Kelman, 1958, p. 53).
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3. Identification
This occurs 'when an individual accepts influence because he
wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self-defining
relationship to another person or group' (Kelman, 1958, p.
53).Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role, e.g.
nurses, police officers. It is similar to compliance as there does
not have to be a change in private opinion

4.Ingratiational
This is when a person conforms to impress or gain
favor/acceptance from other people.It is similar to normative
influence, but is motivated by the need for social rewards rather
than the threat of rejection, i.e., group pressure does not enter
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the decision to conform.

On the other hand, nonconformity of an
individual
. would mean deviation from acceptable
social norms which is known as social deviance.
Social deviance refers to and behavior that
differs or diverges from established social
norms(Banaag, 2012 p. 144). The concept of
deviance is complex because norms vary
considerably across groups,times, and places. In
other words, what one group may consider
acceptable, another may consider deviant.
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 Function of Deviance

Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of expressions.

Deviance serves to define the limits of acceptable behavior

Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity

Deviance can serve as a barometer of social strain

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 Sociological Theories of Deviance

1.Functionalist theory
According to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a number of
functions for society. He asserted that there is nothing
abnormal in deviance. He gave four major functions of
deviance:

a. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.

b. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary.
c. Responding to deviance promotes social unity.
d. Deviance encourage social change.
 2. Strain theory
Robert Merton argued that in an equal
society the tension or strain between
socially approved goals and individual's
ability to meet those goals through socially
approved means will lead to deviance as
individual reject either the goals, the
means, or both.

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 Robert K. Merton’s Deviance Typology
Cultural Means

Accept Reject
Accept
Conformity Innovation
Cultural
goals

Reject

Ritualism Retreation
New means

Rebellion
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 Merton gave the following forms of deviance that emerge from strain

a. Conformity – involves accepting both the cultural goals of success and

the use of legitimate means for achieving that goal.
b. Innovation-involves accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use
of socially accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means.
c. Ritualism- this occurs when people deemphasize or reject the
importance of success once they realize they will never achieve it and
instead concentrate on following or enforcing these rules than ever was
intended.
d. Retreatism- this means withdrawal from society, caring neither about
success nor about working.
e. Rebellion- this occurs when people reject and attempt to change both
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the goals and means approved by society.

3. Control theory
Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school,
and other social institution can greatly
contribute to social order by controlling
deviant tendencies in very individual.

80
Human rights and Dignity

81
 Social Control of Deviance

In order to regulate nonconformity with the

social norms, society, societ created
measures in order to limit deviance. Social
controls refers of a group or society to
regulate the behavior of its members in
conformity with established norms.
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Two types of sanction:
1. Informal sanctions >> These are unofficial, often casual
pressures to conform.
>> Positive informal sanctions involve
reward for conformity or compliance.
Examples are: smiles,kiss an
affirmation, or words of approval.
>> Negative sanctions or informal
sanctions involve penalties for not
conforming. These may take the form
of ridicule,ostracism,rejection, or even
expulsion from the group.
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 .
2. Formal Sanctions
>> These are official, institutionalized incentives to
confrom and penalties for deviance.
>> These are needed in large, complex societies.
>> The criminal justice system is the most important and
visible insitution of social control.
>> These may take the form of arrest, pre trial,
sentencing, or imprisonment.

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 .
Human Rights and Dignity
Human Rights are natural rights of all human
beings whatever their nationality, religion,
ethnicity, sex, language, and color. We are equally
entitled to our human rights without
discrimination. Hence, human rights are
inalienable rights that protect our dignity as
human beings. There are different kind of rights
people enjoy in a democratic society, namely:
85
 1. Natural Rights
These are rights inherent to man and given to him by God as human
being. Examples of these rights are the right to live, love and be happy.
2. Constitutional Rights
These are the rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the
country. Examples of these rights are the rights against unreasonable
searches and seizures, the rights against bill of attainder and the rights
safeguarding the accused under the bill of rights.
3. Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the lawmaking body of a country
or by a law, such as the rights to receive a minimum wage and
the right to preliminary investigation.
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 4. Civil rights
These rights specified under the bill of rights, such as freedom to
speech, right to information. These are rights enjoyed by an individual
by virtue of his citizenship in a state or community.
5. Economic rights
These are rights to property, whether personal, real or intellectual.
Some examples of these rights including the following: right to use
dispose his property, right to practice one's profession, and right to make
a living.

87
6. Political rights
These are rights an individual enjoy as a
consequence of being a member of a body
politic. Some examples of political rights
are the following: right to vote and right to
be voted into public office.

88
 PROJECT IN UCSP
 To be submitted on February 26, 2019
 Choose one topic below and explain it in your own words (minimum of 500 words,
short-bond paper, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12 font size, margin: 1 inch
all sides)
1. Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
2. Conformity and Deviance
3. LGBTQIA
4. Racial and Ethnic Inequality
5. Disability
6. Social Change
7. Global Warming and Climate Change
8. Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers
9. Social Media
10. Globalization