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EIGENVALUES
Made by:
Jayesh Gajbhar(104054)
Ankit Firke(104045)
Shaurya Gambhir(104056)
Cris Ganjya(104057)
INTRODUCTION:
• There are many applications of eigenvectors and eigenvalues one of them is matrix diagonalization.
• Eigenvalues are often introduced in the context of linear algebra or matrix theory.
HISTORY :
• In the 18th century Euler studied the rotational motion of a rigid body and discovered the
• Joseph-Louis Lagrange realized that the principal axes are the eigenvectors of the inertia
matrix.
• In 19 th century Cauchy used there work to classify quadric surface and name this term as
Liouville theory.
• At the start of the 20th century, Hilbert studied the eigenvalues of integral operators by viewing the
operators as infinite matrices. He was the first to use the German word eigen, which means "own", to
• The first algorithm for computing eigenvector and values was appeared in 1929.
DEFINITION:
A scalar λ is called an eigenvalue of the n × n matrix A if there is a non zero x of Ax = λx. Such an x is called
an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue λ. Suppose that A is matrix for a linear transformation T : Rn
→ Rn.
• An eigenvalue of a square matrix is a scalar that is usually represented by the Greek letter λ (pronounced
lambda).
• As you might suspect, an eigenvector is a vector. Moreover, we require that an eigenvector be a non-zero
vector, in other words, an eigenvector can not be the zero vector.
• We will denote an eigenvector by the small letter x.
• All eigenvalues and eigenvectors satisfy the equation for a given squarematrix.
Linear algebra studies linear transformation ,which are represented by
matrices acting on vectors.
Eigenvalues are the change in length of the eigenvector from the original length.
Symmetric Reals
Hermitian Reals
Definition :
A square matrix A is called diagonalizable if there is an invertible
matrix P such that P-1 A P is a diagonal matrix, than the matrix P
is said to diagonalize A.
In seismology, these are the directions of least compression (tension), the compression axis, and the
intermediate axis (in three dimensions).
Eigenvectors and eigenvalues have many applications, particularly in physics. Consider rigid physical
bodies. Rigid physical bodies have a preferred direction of rotation, about which they can rotate freely.
For example, if someone were to throw a football it would rotate around its axis while flying prettily
through the air. If someone were to hit the ball in the air, the ball would be likely to flop in a less
simple way.
Although this may seem like common sense, even rigid bodies with a more complicated shape will
have preferred directions of rotation. These are called axes of inertia, and they are calculated by
finding the eigenvectors of a matrix called the inertia tensor.
The product of the eigenvalues = det|A|•
If A is invertible than so is B
Communication systems:
Designing bridges:
Mechanical Engineering:
Eigenvalues are not only used to explain natural occurrences, but also to
discover new and better designs for the future. Some of the results are quite
surprising. If you were asked to build the strongest column that you could to
support the weight of a roof using only a specified amount of material, what
shape would that column take? Most of us would build a cylinder like most other
columns that we have seen. However, Steve Cox of Rice University and Michael
Overton of New York University proved, based on the work of J. Keller and I. TadJ
bakhsh, that the column would be stronger if it was largest at the top, middle, and
bottom. At the points of the way from either end, the column could be smaller
because the column would not naturally buckle there anyway. Does that surprise
you? This new design was discovered through the study of the eigenvalues of
the system involving the column and the weight from above. Note that this
column would not be the strongest design if any significant pressure came from
the side, but when a column supports a roof, the vast majority of the pressure
comes directly from above.
Oil companies
Oil companies frequently use eigenvalue analysis to explore land for
oil.
Oil , dirt, and other substances all give rise to linear systems
which have different eigenvalues, so eigenvalue analysis can give a
good indication of where oil reserves are located.
Thank You!