Fluid Mechanics - 1: Flow Analysis Using Control Volumes

Fluid Mechanics - 1
Chapter 5
Flow Analysis
using
Control Volumes
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 1

Introduction
• Practical problems in fluid mechanics require analysis of the behavior of the
contents of a finite region in space ( control volume ; CV )
• Many important questions can be readily answered with finite control volume
analyses
• The bases of this analysis method are some fundamental principles of physics,
applied to a CV namely,
– Conservation of mass
– Newton’s second law of motion
– The first and second1 laws of thermodynamics
• The resultant techniques presented in this Chapter are powerful and applicable to
a wide variety of fluid mechanical circumstances that require engineering
judgment
• Furthermore, the finite control volume formulas are easy to interpret physically
and thus are not difficult to use
• In fluid mechanics, the control volume or Eulerian view is generally less
complicated and, therefore, more convenient to use than the system or
Lagrangian view
Introduction
• The control volume formulas are derived from the equations representing basic
laws applied to a collection of mass (a system)
• The concept of a control volume and system occupying the same region of space
at an instant (coincident condition) and use of the Reynolds transport theorem
(Eqs. 4.19 and 4.23) are key elements in the derivation of the control volume
equations
• Integrals are used throughout the chapter for generality. Volume integrals can
accommodate spatial variations of the material properties of the contents of a
control volume
• Control surface area integrals allow for surface distributions of flow variables
• However, in this chapter, for simplicity we often assume that flow variables are
uniformly distributed over cross-sectional areas where fluid enters or leaves the
control volume
• This uniform flow is called one-dimensional flow
• In Chapters 8 and 9, when we discuss velocity profiles and other flow variable
distributions, the effects of non-uniformities will be covered in more detail

Continuity Equation : Conservation of Mass
• A system is defined as a collection of unchanging contents, so the conservation of
mass principle for a system is simply stated as
Time rate of change of the system mass = 0
DM sys
or 0
Dt
where Msys is the system mass, M sys    dv
• For a system and a fixed, non-deforming control volume that are coincident at an
instant of time, the Reynolds transport theorem (Eq. 4.19) with that B = Mass and b=
1, allows us to state
DM sys D 
Dt

Dt sys  dv
t
 CV  dv  CS  V  nˆ dA ( 5.3 )
.
,

Continuity Equation : Conservation of Mass
DM sys D 
Dt

Dt sys
 b dv 
t CV
 b dv   b V  nˆ dA
CS
.
,

t CV
Discussion on basic element of above eqn  b dv
 b V  nˆ dA
CS

Continuity Equation /(Contd.)
• In other word, the integral over control surface is represented as

o o
  V  n̂ dA   mout  min
CS
DM sys
• For conservation of mass (continuity eqn ), 0 thus eqn 5.1 becomes
Dt
 (5.5)
t CV
 dv    V  nˆ dA  0
CS
• In words, above Eqn states that to conserve mass the time rate of change of the
mass of the contents of the control volume plus the net rate of mass flow through
the control surface must equal zero
• Actually, the same result could have been obtained more directly by equating the
rates of mass flow into and out of the control volume to the rates of accumulation
and depletion of mass within the control volume (See Section 3.6.2)
• It is reassuring, however, to see that the Reynolds transport theorem works for this
simple-to-understand case

Mass Flow Rate
• Mass Flow Rate through a section of control surface having area A
and uniform properties of incompressible flow, is represented as
0
m   Q   AV (5.6)
• For compressible flow the density and velocity are not uniform.
• For compressible flows, we will normally consider a uniformly
distributed fluid density at each section of flow and allow density
changes to occur only from section to section
CS b V  nˆ dA (5.8)
V  V
A

Fixed, Non-Deforming Control Volume
• In many applications of fluid mechanics, an appropriate
control volume to use is fixed and non-deforming
• Several example problems that involve the continuity
equation for fixed, non-deforming control volumes (Eq. 5.5)
illustrates use of such CVs
• See Examples 5.1 to 5.5 of text Book

Ex

Ex

x

where

Summary Observations on Application of Cont. Eqn. : 
t CV
 dv    V  nˆ dA  0
( to fixed, non-deforming Control Volumes) CS
• The vector Dot Product , V  n̂ has following sign convention :

– +ve for flow out of CV
– - ve for flow into CV
• When the flow is steady, the time rate of change of CV is zero, i.e

t CV
 dv  0
• Thus net mass flow rate through CS is zero, i.e
o o o o
CS  V  nˆ dA   mout  min  0 or m out  min

• For incompressible
o
the
o
density is constant thus
 Q  Q
out in 0

• For Un-Steady Flows , but if cyclic, the term t CV
 dv can be taken as zero or
steady flow, based on time averaged basis value
– Its value is +ve when mass of CV in increasing and is –ve when it decreases

Summary Observations on Application of Cont. Eqn. : 
t CV
 dv    V  nˆ dA  0
CS
( to fixed, non-deforming Control Volumes)
• For a fixed station
0
(cross section area; A), mass flow rate can be expressed as of
1-D flow : m   AV , with the following understanding:
– V is uniformly distributed and is taken as velocity component perpendicular to cross
section area A
– For not uniform velocity, V is the average value of velocity component perpendicular to
Cross section area A
• For Steady Flow involving only one stream, flowing through CV at station 1 & 2 :
0
m  1 A1V1   2 A2V2
0
• And for Incompressible Flows : m  Q1  Q2  A1V1  A2V2
• For Steady Flow involving more than one stream flowing through CV, we use the
expression o o
.
m out  min

Moving, Non-deforming Control Volume
• In many applications, Fluid Flow Analysis involves moving bodies, Gas Turbine
Engine of flying aircraft and we use relative velocity (W) in our analysis as discussed
in last chapter; Section 4.4.6
That is, V = W + VCV
Where V, is the fluid velocity seen by a stationary observer and W is relative velocity
• For a system and a moving, non-deforming control volume that are coincident at an
instant of time, the Reynolds transport theorem (Eqn. 4.23, 5.5) for a moving control
volume leads to DM sys 
(5.15)    b dv   b W  nˆ dA
Dt t CV CS
• From Eqns. 5.1 and 5.15, we can get the control volume expression for
conservation of mass (the continuity equation) for a moving, non-deforming control
volume, namely,

(5.16)
t CV
 b dv   b W  nˆ dA  0
CS
• See Examples 5.6 & 5.7 for application of above equation (5.16) .

Deforming Control Volume
• Occasionally, a deforming control volume can simplify the solution of a problem. A deforming
• control volume involves changing volume size and control surface movement. Thus,
• the Reynolds transport theorem for a moving control volume can be used for this case, and
• Eqs. 4.23 and 5.1 lead to
DM sys  (5.17)
   b dv   b W  nˆ dA  0
Dt t CV CS
– The time rate of change term, (!st Term on RHS) is usually nonzero and must be carefully
evaluated because the extent of the control volume varies with time
– The second term on RHS (mass flowrate term), must be determined with the relative velocity, W,
the velocity referenced to the control surface.
• Since the control volume is deforming, the control surface velocity (VCS) is not necessarily
uniform and identical to the control volume velocity, as was true for moving, non-deforming
control volumes
• For Deforming CV, the absolute velocity is : V = W + VCS
where VCS is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed observer. The relative
velocity, W, must be ascertained with care wherever fluid crosses the control surface
• See examples 5.8 & 5.9 illustrating the use of Eqn 5.17

The Linear Momentum
• Newton’s second law of motion for a system is
• Since momentum is mass times velocity, thus the momentum of a small particle of
mass  dv is V dv
• Thus, the momentum of the entire system is sys V dv and Newton’s law can be
written as
V dv  F
sys
 sys
– Any reference or coordinate system for which this statement is true is called
inertial
– A fixed coordinate system is inertial
– A coordinate system that moves in a straight line with constant velocity and is
thus without acceleration is also inertial
• We proceed to develop the control volume formula for this important law

The Linear Momentum /(Contd.)
• When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of time, the forces
acting on the system and the forces acting on the contents of the coincident control
volume (see Fig ) are instantaneously identical, that is,
• For a system and fixed coincident non-deforming CV

the Reynolds transport theorem for (Velocity and System
Momentum) can be written as
D 
Dt sys t CV
V dv  V dv   V V  nˆ dA (5.21)
CS
or
• For Fixed CV, the above can be written in following form and is called as Linear
Momentum Equation (5.22):  V dv   V V  nˆ dA   Fcontent of coin. CV
t CV CS

The Linear Momentum /(Contd.)
Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 
V dv   V V  nˆ dA   Fcontent of coin. CV
t CV CS
• The forces involved in Eq. 5.22 are body and surface forces that act on what is contained in
the control volume
• The only body force we consider in this chapter is the one associated with the action of gravity.
We experience this body force as weight.
• The surface forces are basically exerted on the contents of the control volume by material just
outside the control volume in contact with material just inside the control volume. For example,
a wall in contact with fluid can exert a reaction surface force on the fluid it bounds
• Similarly, fluid just outside the control volume can push on fluid just inside the control volume at
a common interface, usually an opening in the control surface through which fluid flow occurs
• An immersed object can resist fluid motion with surface forces
• The linear momentum equation for an inertial control volume is a vector equation (Eq. 5.22)
• In engineering applications, components of this vector equation resolved along orthogonal
coordinates, for example, x, y, and z (rectangular coordinate system) or r, and x (cylindrical
• coordinate system), will normally be used
• A simple example involving steady, incompressible flow is considered first,(see Ex 510 & 5.11)

• Examples 5.12 to 5.17

Moment-of-Momentum Equation
• Using Newton’s second law of motion, we studied a useful relationship between
forces and linear momentum flow.
• Now, by forming the moment of the linear momentum and the resultant force
associated with each particle of fluid with respect to a point in an inertial coordinate
system, we will develop a moment-of-momentum equation that relates torques and
angular momentum flow for the contents of a control volume
• When torques are important, the moment-of-momentum equation is often more
convenient to use than the linear momentum equation.
• Application of Newton’s second law of motion to a particle of fluid yields
D
  V dv    Fparticles (5.30)
Dt  sys 
• If we form the moment of each side of Eq. 5.30 with respect to the origin of an
inertial coordinate system, we obtain
D
rx  V v   r x  Fparticle
Dt
Where “ r “ is the position vector from origin of inertial coordinate system to the fluid
• The above can be rearranged as
D
  r x V   v  r x  Fparticle (5.35)
Dt

Moment-of-Momentum Equation /(Contd.)
• For a system (collection of fluid particles) we need to use sum of both sides of Eqn.
   r x V   v    r x Fsys 
D
5.35, i.e. (5.39)
Dt sys
where  r x F particle    r x F     rx F 
sys CV
or
• Further, for the system and the contents of the coincident control volume that is
fixed and non-deforming, the Reynolds transport theorem (Eq. 4.19) when applied
to LHS of above Eqn, leads to
D 
   r x V   v     r x V  v  cs  r x V  v.n̂ dA
Dt sys t CV

• Thus Eqn 5.39 becomes:   r x V  v  cs  r x V  v.n̂ dA    r x F CV ; (5.42)
t CV
or


Application of Moment-of-Moment Equation   r x V  v  cs  r x V  v.n̂ dA    r x F CV
t CV
• An important category of fluid mechanical problems that is readily solved with the
help of the moment-of-momentum equation (Eq. 5.42) involves machines that rotate
or tend to rotate around a single axis
• Examples of these machines include rotary lawn sprinklers, ceiling fans, lawn mower
blades, wind turbines, turbochargers, and gas turbine engines. As a class, these
devices are often called turbo-machines
• Eqn. 5.42 can be simplified in several ways :
– We assume that flows considered are one-dimensional (uniform distributions
of average velocity at any section)

– Steady or steady-in-the-mean cyclical flows i.e. t   r x V  v  0
CV
– We work only with the component of Eq. 5.42 resolved along the axis of
rotation
• Using above simplifications, we will see how it looks like and is applied to various
situations

  r x V  v  cs  r x V  v.n̂ dA    r x F CV
t CV
• Each term on both sides of eqn can be written as follows by applying
the said simplifications :-

 r x V  v  0
– For steady Flow : t 
– For rating body/system :   r x F CV  Tshaft
CV
o o
– For 1-D flow :   r x V   v.n̂ d A   rV  m ; as   v.n̂ dA  m &  r xV   rV
cs cs
• Thus above equation becomes:
Tshaft    min   rin V    mout   rout V 
 o   o 
(5.50)
  in
  out
where the sign for  r xV  is taken as per Right-hand-Rule

o o
• Now note that shaft Power is related to shaft Toque as; W shaft  T shaft 
• Thus above equation becomes
 
 
 
 
o o o
W shaft    min   rin V in   mout   rout V out
   
• Example 5.18

 o 
   o 
 
o
W shaft    min   rin Vin   mout   rout V out
   
• Now relating angular velocity () with equivalent Linear Velocity (U)
as U = r , we can write last equation as
 o 
 
 o 
 
o
W shaft    min   U in Vin   mout   U out V out
    o o
• We also know that from conservation of mass, min  mout thus the
specific shaft power can be written as
   
o
w shaft   U in Vin   U out V out
• Sign of the identity is taken as per Right Hand Rule
• Example 5.19

• Example 5.19

The Energy Equation
First Law of Thermodynamics
• In words, it can be written as :
D  o o
  o o

• In symbolic form :  e dv    in  out    in  out 
Q  Q  W  W
Dt sys
   
D  o o


Dt sys
e  dv  

Qnet in  Wnet in 
 sys
where e = u+V2/2 + g z, where u is internal energy per unit mass
• Now Reynolds Transport Theorem (replacing “b” by “e”) we have
D 
Dt sys
e dv 
t CV
e dv   e V  nˆ dA
CS
• Putting the above values in RTT, we get

  o o

(5.59) 
t CV
e dv   e V  nˆ dA   Qnetin  Wnetin 
CS
 CV
• Work transfer rate is also called Power and is considered +ve when work is done on
the system / CV by the surroundings
The Energy Equation /(Contd.)
• Also note that work is transferred to and from system/CV through Rotating Shaft,
Normal and tangential Stresses / Pressure, where  = -P
• Eqn 5.59 is valid for inviscid flow as it derivation did not account for fluid viscosity or
Work Done by system to overcome viscous effects / stresses
• For viscous flow the eqn can be modified as :
  o o


t CV
e dv   e V  nˆ dA   Qnetin  Wnetin    P V  nˆ dA
CS
 CV CS
  V 2
P  o o

or t CV
e dv  CS



u 
2
 gz  


 V  nˆ dA  

Qnetin
 Wnet in
  CS P V  nˆ dA
CV (5.64)
• The above eqn is also valid for compressible flows
• For a flow having uniform flow properties across any cross section area, the
integrant

(2nd term PofLHS) is
V2  V2 P o  V2 P o
  u   gz    V  nˆ dA    u   gz   m    u   gz   m
CS
 2   flow  2   flow  2 
out in
• For a single2 stream of flow (with on exit2 and one entry point to CV) and it reduces to
 V P  V P o 2
 V P o
CS  2
 u   gz  


 V  ˆ
n dA  


u 
2
 gz  

 out
m 
out 


u 
2
 gz   min
 in

• Thus for a steady 1-D mean flow in channel, the energy equation (5.65) can be written as
(5.67) o  2 2

V  Vin P o Po
 
m uout  uin  out  g  zout  zin           Qnetin  Wnetin 
 2    out   in   CV
• Using definition of enthalpy [ h = u + pv ] , it can also be written as
 2

2
  o
   Qnet  Wnet 
o V
(5.69)m hout  hin  out V o

in
 g  z out  z in   
•  is often used2 for solving compressible
This equation  CV
flow problems
in in
• Examples 5.20 and 5.21 illustrates the use of above equations

• Thus for a steady 1-D mean flow with no work, Eqn 5.67 can be written as
 o V
2
 V
2
P P  o
m uout  uin  out in
 g  zout  zin          Qnetin
• Comparing and 2
 re-arranging it in the form of Continuity    outEqn, weinget
 :
 V2 P  V2 P
 u   gz     u   gz    losses
where  2   out  2   in
• losses  uout  uin  qnetin
See Examples 5.20 to 5.25

Application of Energy Eqn to Non-Uniform Flow
  V2 P  o o


t CV
e dv    u 
CS
 2
 gz    V  nˆ dA   Qnetin  Wnetin    P V  nˆ dA
  CV CS
• For this type of flow, the only part in above equation which require attention is .
V2
The
CS 2other
 V terms
nˆ dA would remain same and can be simplified as done earlier for particular
applications
• For one stream entering and leaving CV, we define the following expression for above
integrant as V2 o  V 2  inVin2 
  V  nˆ dA  m
CS 2 
out out
2

2


where  is Kinetic Energy Coefficient and V is average velocity as defined earlier in eqn. 5.7
2
• At any cross section area “A”, ite the above eqn as V2 o V
V2 A 2  V  ˆ
n dA  m 
2
A 2  V  nˆ dA
• Thus 
o V 2
m
2
• “” = 0 for Uniform flows and is always > 1 for non-uniform flows
• Examples 5.26, 5.27 & 5.28
Irreversible Flow
Second Law of Thermodynamics

Irreversible Flow /(Contd.)
s  s, n 

DV D Vs 

a 
dt dt

DV  Ds
a s V
Dt dt
  
 V V s V n    s s s s n 
a   s  V    
 t s t n t   t s t n t 

 V   s 
a  V  s  V V 
 s   s 

s 
s
s
s

s


 V    s 
a  V  s  V V  
 s   s   s 
 
   s 
s n

s R
 
s s s 1
  or 
R s s R

 s 
s  0   
s
 
s n  s 
 lim 
s s 0 s R
V  V 2 
a V s n
s R
Bsys  lim  bi   ivi     b dv
V 0
sys
• Here we are concerned with time rate of change of extensive

property, like change of mass or momentum of a system with time
• Thus we often used the following form of expressions
   
d   b dv 
 d    b dv 

 
dBsys
  sys  or dBCV
  CV  ; 4.8,4,9
dt dt dt dt
• These equations appears to be same but their physical

interpretation is quite different. Mathematically these differences are
covered by the limits of integration
• Reynolds transport theorem provides the relationship between the
time rate change of extensive property for a system to that for a
Control Volume; Eqn 4.8 and 4.9


D    
Relation to material derivatives    V.       u    v    w  
Dt t t x y z
Moving Control Volumes
DBsys 
Dt

t CV
 b dv   b W  nˆ dA
CS

Assignments / Self Study
• By now you must have solved and understood

Examples 5.1 to 5.29
• Complete Solving at least 60 (out of 136)
problems from Chapter 5 of text book

Fluid Mechanics - 1: Flow Analysis Using Control Volumes

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Fluid Mechanics - 1

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 1

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 3

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 4

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 5

• In other word, the integral over control surface is represented as

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 6

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 7

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 8

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 9

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 10

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 12

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 13

• The vector Dot Product , V  n̂ has following sign convention :

CS  V  nˆ dA   mout  min  0 or m out  min

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 14

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 15

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 16

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 18

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 21

• For a system and fixed coincident non-deforming CV

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 22

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 23

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 27

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 28

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 29

where the sign for  r xV  is taken as per Right-hand-Rule

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 32

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 33

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 34

• Putting the above values in RTT, we get

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 36

• Examples 5.20 and 5.21 illustrates the use of above equations

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 37

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 39

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 40

• Here we are concerned with time rate of change of extensive

• These equations appears to be same but their physical

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 43

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 44

Moving Control Volumes

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 45

• By now you must have solved and understood

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 5 46

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