2.diffusion 2020

3.2.
3 Describe by using examples

movement of substances across a plasma
membrane:
(i) passive transport.
(ii) active transport.
Types of passive transport: (i) simple diffusion.
(ii) osmosis.
(iii) facillitated diffusion.
simple Facilitated
•osmosis
diffusion diffusion
An analogy of passive transport is like riding a bicycle downhill.
The process does not involve the use of energy.
Prepare for learning 02 March 2020
Diffusion, concentration
gradient, semi permeable
membrane, particles Diffusion
Mr Barnard
Starter: what are these? How do says… title,
they work? What do they do? date, keywords
and starter in
your books!
Agree learning outcomes 02 March 2020
membrane, particles What are we going to cover
What does this
today?
link to in real
life? Define diffusion
Diffusion is how
cells get Describe how and when
molecules in. We diffusion takes place
need diffusion to
survive
Describe and explain practical
examples of diffusion in biology
Review 02 March 2020
membrane, particles
Diffusion
Maybe you can smell

your dinner cooking
when you get home...
This is due to diffusion
Construct meaning 02 March 2020
membrane, particles
solid (e.g. ice) liquid (e.g. water) gas (e.g. steam)
Molecules in liquids and gases are constantly moving

and bumping into each other. This means that they
tend to spread out.
Present new information 02 March 2020
membrane, particles
Diffusion
Is The net movement of molecules from an area of

high concentration to an area of low concentration
Due to the random movement of particles
A passive process which means that no energy is
needed
membrane, particles
Concentration gradient
LOW HIGH
concentration concentration
A difference in concentration between 2 areas is called a

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.
The moving molecules are said to move down the

concentration gradient until a dynamic equilibrium is
achieved.
IGCSE LS :State that the energy for
DIFFUSION diffusion comes from the kinetic energy
of random movement of molecules and
ions
Particles move constantly. They bump into each other
and spread out randomly. As a result, the particles tend
to move from an area where they are more
concentrated, to an area where they are less
concentrated. This is called DIFFUSION.
Dye evenly
Drop of dye dispersed in
water
Pure water
Draw both sets of diagrams, write how the rate of
gradient, semi permeable diffusion changes when the concentration gradient
membrane, particles changes
Fast
Steep concentration gradient
Slow
Shallow concentration gradient

membrane, particles
IGCSE : Factors affecting
IGCSE : Investigate the factors diffusion
that influence diffusion, limited
to surface area, temperature, Any more?
concentration gradients and
distance
Faster Diffusion When... Size of particles

Diffusion
• Larger surface area medium
• Higher concentration gradient
• Higher Temperature
• Short distance
membrane, particles
Progress check
What is diffusion?
What is a concentration
gradient?
What affects the rate of
diffusion?
Ext: can you link this to

biology?
membrane, particles
Muscle tissue
membrane, particles
Connective tissue
EQUILIBRIUM
Dye evenly
Drop of dye dispersed in
water
Pure water
When the concentration of the solute is the same

throughout a system, the system has reached
EQUILIBRIUM. Keep in mind, however, that even in this
state, the molecules are still in motion.
Back to “Key Concepts”

THE CELL MEMBRANE
One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate

the movement of dissolved molecules from the liquid on one side of the
membrane to the liquid on the other side.
Because cells are surrounded by liquid, and have liquid
inside of them, diffusion of molecules dissolved in the
liquid is constantly occurring across the cell membrane.
The direction in which they move depends on the
concentration gradient. Not all molecules can diffuse
across the membrane; some are too large, some are too
strongly charged.
IGCSE: State that substances move into and out of
cells by diffusion through the cell membrane
But molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon
dioxide (which are small and not strongly charged)
can easily pass across the bilayer. For this reason,
cell membranes are called SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.
(outside) Lipid-soluble
molecules,
O2, CO2, H2O
(inside)
Back to “Key Concepts”

Apply to demonstrate 02 March 2020
membrane, particles
Biological diffusion
Dissolved substances
have to pass through the
partially permeable cell
membrane to get into or
out of a cell.
Diffusion is one of the
processes that allows this
to happen..
What substances are we
talking about?revised
Apply to demonstrate 02 March 2020
IGCSE: Describe the
importance of diffusion of
gases and solutes Why is diffusion important?
All living cells rely on diffusion to live.

They use it for:
• Getting raw materials for respiration
(dissolved substances and gases)
• Removing waste products (eg. from
respiration)
• Plants use of photosynthesis (raw materials
in, waste products out)
KSSM LS:3.3.1 Explain by using examples the
process of passive transport in organisms.
• Emphasis is given to passive transport in organisms such as:

(i) gaseous exchange between an alveolus and a blood
capillary.
ii) reabsorption of water in kidney. OSMOSIS NOTES
(iii) absorption of water by a plant root hair cell. OSMOSIS
NOTES
(iv) absorption of fructose in a villus.
membrane, particles
Diffusion & gas exchange
Oxygen in inhaled air diffuses
through the lungs and into the
bloodstream. The oxygen is then
transported throughout the body.
Carbon dioxide is the waste gas
produced by respiration. Carbon
dioxide diffuses from body tissues Where does gas
exchange take place in
into the bloodstream and is the lungs?
exhaled via the lungs.
membrane, particles
Alveoli (one alveolus)
deoxygenated blood air in/out

(from body tissues)
alveolus
capillary
oxygenated blood
(to body tissues)
red blood cell

membrane, particles
4 Alveoli adaptation SPM 2019
They are very thin – only one cell thick.
Increase diffusion of respiratory gases
They are covered by a network of fine
capillaries, increase transportation of
respiratory gases.
They are moist, encouraging gas molecules to
easily dissolve.
They are numerous to increase surface area
of gaseous exchange
membrane, particles
membrane, particles
Diffusion & digestion
Digestion breaks down large Small food molecules are

food molecules into smaller usually absorbed in the
molecules such as glucose, small intestine, diffusing
amino acids and fatty acids across the intestine wall
that can be easily absorbed. and into the
bloodstream.
membrane, particles
Small intestine
capillary network
Villi
microvilli provide
large surface
areas for higher
small intestine rate of diffusion
blood vessels of nutrients
Photosynthesis &
Diffusion
carbon dioxide + water  oxygen + glucose
Carbon dioxide diffuses in through

the stomata
 Oxygen and water diffuse out

of the stomata
 During photosynthesis, the level of

CO2 is low inside the leaf
 This creates a big concentration

gradient so CO2 diffuses into the cell
Photosynthesis & Diffusion
membrane, particles
Diffusion
Choose a biological example of

diffusion to explain this process
Make sure you have:
- definition
- how the rate is affected
- how specific structures are
adapted to maximise diffusion
rate.
Agree learning outcomes 02 March 2020
membrane, particles
Did we cover these?
What does this
link to in real
life? Define diffusion
Describe how and when diffusion

Diffusion is how cells takes place
get molecules in. We
need diffusion to
survive
Describe and explain practical
examples of diffusion in biology
-THE END-
EXTRAAAAAAAAA NOTES
membrane, particles
Diffusion & nerve impulses
Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse from vesicles
towards the neurotransmitter receptors, moving from
an area of high concentration to low concentration
synaptic cleft
neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter nerve impulse

receptor
membrane, particles
Diffusion & the placenta
The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during
pregnancy.
The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the foetus
It enables nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother to the
foetus by diffusion, and waste substances to diffuse from the foetus
back to the mother.
membrane, particles
Diffusion & the placenta
The placenta can stop certain

molecules and bacteria from
diffusing through
It is unable to stop many

harmful substances such as
alcohol, chemicals and some
types of virus from diffusing
through, reaching the foetus.
membrane, particles
blood to mother
umbilical • low in O2/nutrients,
cord • high in CO2/waste
placental villi
umbilical increase surface
artery area for diffusion
blood from mother

umbilical • high in O2/nutrients
vein • low in CO2/waste

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3.2.

3 Describe by using examples

Maybe you can smell

solid (e.g. ice) liquid (e.g. water) gas (e.g. steam)

Molecules in liquids and gases are constantly moving

Is The net movement of molecules from an area of

A difference in concentration between 2 areas is called a

The moving molecules are said to move down the

Steep concentration gradient

Shallow concentration gradient

Faster Diffusion When... Size of particles

Ext: can you link this to

When the concentration of the solute is the same

Back to “Key Concepts”

One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate

Back to “Key Concepts”

All living cells rely on diffusion to live.

• Emphasis is given to passive transport in organisms such as:

deoxygenated blood air in/out

red blood cell

Digestion breaks down large Small food molecules are

carbon dioxide + water  oxygen + glucose

Carbon dioxide diffuses in through

 Oxygen and water diffuse out

 During photosynthesis, the level of

 This creates a big concentration

Choose a biological example of

Describe how and when diffusion

neurotransmitter nerve impulse

The placenta can stop certain

It is unable to stop many

blood from mother

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