KANT AND RIGHT THEORISTS

UTILITARIANISM
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
presented by

Barbuco, Gladys
Belga, Jasmin
Biala, Fernanda
Capispisan, Riodel
Caranto, Nikka
 IMMANUEL KANT
 a German Enlightenment
philosopher
 represents deontological ethics
 believed that actions are morally
right in virtue of their motives,
which must derive more from
duty than from inclination
 rejects consequences as the basis
of right and wrong

GOOD WILL
 the only thing that is good
without qualification
 to act out of a "good will" means
to act out of a sense of moral
obligation or duty
 "acting from the good will is the
only way to be moral"
  "... provides a procedural way of identifying the rightness or
wrongness of an action"
Principles of Categorical Imperative
1. Principle of Universality

“Act only on that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it
should become a universal law.“
2. Principle of Humanity

"So act as to treat humanity whether in your person or in that of another,

never as means but always as an end."
 RIGHTS are the fundamental normative
rules about what is allowed of people
or owed to people, according to some
legal system, social convention, or
ethical theory.
It is also an essential importance in
such disciplines as law and ethics,
especially theories of justice and
deontology.
 MORAL RIGHTS are rights accorded
under some system of ethics.
 LEGAL RIGHTS are rights that people
have under some legal system.
“MORAL RIGHTS WERE NON-
SENSE UPON STILTS”
- JEREMY BENTHAM
 EXAMPLES OF MORAL RIGHTS
Right to be treated fairly
Right to have privacy

 EXAMPLE OF LEGAL RIGHTS

Natural rights
Civil rights
Political rights
Social and Economic rights
 UTILITARIANISM
 its roots are mostly traced to the
"hedonist moral theory" led by
Epicurus.
 founded in 18th century by English
philosopher Jeremy Bentham, and
later modified by British philosopher
John Stuart Mill
• PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
UTILITARIANISM  one should act always so as to
produce the greatest good for the
greatest number
• ACT UTILITARIANISM
 an action is morally right if and only
if it produces the best possible
results
• RULE UTILITARIANISM
 an action is right as it conforms to a
rule that leads to the greatest good
4 COMPONENTS TO CONSIDER
1. CONSEQUENSIALISM
 the wrongness or rightness of action is entirely determined by its outcomes.

2. WELFARISM
 aims at maximizing every individual's utilities.

3. INDIVIDUALISM
 every individual, as its human nature, pursues happiness, thus, will engage in action
that maximizes utility.
4. AGGREGATION
 wrongness or rightness of an action depends on its ability to average the benefits
brought to all individuals/society.
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE is concerned with the
fair allocation of resources among DIVERSE
MEMBERS of community.
PRINCIPLES TO DETERMINE HOW GOODS ARE
DISTRIBUTED
 EQUALITY
 If equality is regarded as the ultimate
criterion who gets what, goods will be
distributed equally among all persons.
 NEED-BASED
 EVERYONE shouldn’t get the same.
Because our needs aren't the same.
 EQUITY/MERIT BASED
 Distributes benefits in proportion to the
individuals CONTRIBUTION.
 EGALITARIAN might rather be one who
maintains that people ought to be treated as
EQUALS-as possessing equal fundamental
worth and dignity and as equally morally
considerable.
EGALIARIANISM is a philosophical perspective
that emphasizes EQUALITY and EQUAL
TREATMENT across gender, religion,
EGALITARIAN economic status and political beliefs.
TYPES OF EGALITARIANISM
 ECONOMIC/MATERIAL EGALITARIANISM
Believe every member of society should
have equal access to wealth.
 LEGAL EGALITARIANISM
The principle that everyone is subject to
the same LAW.
 CAPITALISTS are private individuals who own
and control businesses, property, and
capital—the “means of production.”
CAPITALISM is an economic system where
private entities own the factors of production.
 LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM translates to

CAPITALIST “leave us alone” meaning that the

government should remain out of the
economy and instead allow individuals to
freely carry out their own economic
affairs.
“Capitalism’s greatest virtue is FAIR TRADE
and its greatest failing is putting profit before
people.”
 SOCIALIST is someone who supports a political
or economic philosophy that says society as a
whole, rather than private companies, should
own or control various goods and services.
SOCIALIST SOCIALISM is an economic and political system
under which the means of production are
publicly owned.
“The moral equivalent of socialism is THEFT.”