the absorptivity, α, of a surface depend on the temperature and the wavelength of the radiation. Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation, postulated by a German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, states that the emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface at a given temperature and wavelength are equal. Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal radiation: For an arbitrary body emitting and absorbing thermal radiation in thermodynamic equilibrium, the emissivity is equal to the absorptivity. emissivity ε = absorptivity α This law must be also valid in order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics. As was written, all bodies above absolute zero temperature radiate some heat. Two objects radiate heat toward each other. But what if a colder object with high emissivity radiates toward a hotter object with very low emissivity? This seems to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold system to hot system without external work being performed on the system. . The paradox is resolved by the fact that each body must be in direct line of sight of the other to receive radiation from it. Therefore, whenever the cool body is radiating heat to the hot body, the hot body must also be radiating heat to the cool body. Moreover, the hot body will radiate more energy than cold body. The case of different emissivities is solved by the Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal radiation, which states that object with low emissivity have also low absorptivity. As a result, heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold system to hot system and the second law is still satisfied The emissivity, ε, of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation and varies between 0.0 and 1.0.By definition, a blackbody in thermal equilibrium has an emissivity of ε = 1.0. Real objects do not radiate as much heat as a perfect black body. They radiate less heat than a black body and therefore are called gray bodies Another important radiation property of a surface is its absorptivity, α, which is the fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface. Like emissivity, value of absorptivity is in the range 0 < α < 1.From its definition, a blackbody, which is an idealized physical body, absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. In general, the absorptivity and the emissivity are interconnected by the Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal radiation, which states: For an arbitrary body emitting and absorbing thermal radiation in thermodynamic equilibrium, the emissivity is equal to the absorptivity. emissivity ε = absorptivity α The Grotthuss–Draper law (also called the Principle of Photochemical Activation) states that only that light which is absorbed by a system can bring about a photochemical change. Materials such as dyes and phosphors must be able to absorb "light" at optical frequencies. This law provides a basis for fluorescence and phosphorescence. The law was first proposed in 1817 by Theodor Grotthuss and in 1842, independently, by John William Draper.[5] This is considered to be one of the two basic laws of photochemistry. Grotthus-Draper Law (or) The Principle of Photochemical Activation: Grotthus-Draper law states that only the light which is absorbed by a substance can bring about a photochemical change. However, the absorbed radiation does not necessarily cause a chemical reaction. When the conditions are not favourable for the molecules to react, the light energy may be reemitted as heat or light or it remains unused. First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out of a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics: In a
natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. absolute zeroThe lowest temperature that is theoretically possible. entropyA thermodynamic property that is the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit of temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. First law This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can lead to a change in the internal energy of a system. Since both heat and work can be measured and quantified, this is the same as saying that any change in the energy of a system must result in a corresponding change in the energy of the surroundings outside the system. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed. If heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it, the internal energy increases and the sign of q and w are positive. Conversely, heat flow out of the system or work done by the system (on the surroundings) will be at the expense of the internal energy, and q and w will therefore be negative. Second law A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned and tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly with time – regardless of how careful one is to keep it clean. When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean it has resulted in an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Accordingly, thermal equilibrium between systems is a transitive relation.