Invisible Spectrum

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Invisible Infrared Ultraviolet X-Rays
Spectrum Radiation Radiation
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The portion of the spectrum either below the red

(infrared) or above the violet (ultraviolet), which is
invisible to the eye, the waves being too long or too
short to affect the retina.
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The invisible spectrum includes rays less than 3900 Å in

length (ultraviolet, roentgen or x, gamma, and cosmic rays)
and those exceeding 7700 Å in length (infrared, high-
frequency oscillations used in short- and long-wave
diathermy, radio, hertzian, and very long waves). These
range in length from 7700 Å to 5,000,000 m.
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Invisible Spectrum
The human eye can only see visible light, but light comes in
many other "colors"—radio, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, and
gamma-ray—that are invisible to the naked eye.
On one end of the spectrum there is infrared light, which,
while too red for humans to see, is all around us and even
emitted from our bodies. Warm-blooded animals, including
humans, radiate infrared light. That's why infrared cameras
are helpful for thermal imaging and night vision when
searching for people or animals.

On the other end of the spectrum there is X-ray light, which

is too blue for humans to see. X-rays are another common
light source that many of us have encountered at a doctor's
office. X-rays can penetrate skin and muscles, allowing
doctors to look at our bones. What you might not know is
that the sun also emits X-rays. Lucky for us, the Earth's
atmosphere blocks X-ray light.
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Infrared
Light

Infrared radiation, that portion of

the electromagnetic spectrum that
extends from the long wavelength,
or red, end of the visible-light range
to the microwave range. Invisible to
the eye, it can be detected as a
sensation of warmth on the skin.
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Ultraviolet radiation, that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from

the violet, or short-wavelength, end of the visible light range to the X-ray region.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is undetectable by the human eye, although, when it falls on
certain materials, it may cause them to fluoresce—i.e., emit electromagnetic
radiation of lower energy, such as visible light. Many insects, however, are able to
see ultraviolet radiation.

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Ultraviolet radiation lies between wavelengths of

about 400 nanometres (1 nanometre [nm] is 10−9
metre) on the visible-light side and about 10 nm on
the X-ray side, though some authorities extend the
short-wavelength limit to 4 nm. In physics, ultraviolet
radiation is traditionally divided into four regions:
near (400–300 nm), middle (300–200 nm), far (200–
100 nm), and extreme (below 100 nm). Based on the
interaction of wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation
with biological materials, three divisions have been
designated: UVA (400–315 nm), also called black
light; UVB (315–280 nm), responsible for the
radiation’s best-known
Text here effects on organisms; and
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UVC (280–100 nm), which does not reach Earth’s
surface.
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X-Rays
 X-rays are types of electromagnetic radiation probably most well-known for their
ability to see through a person's skin and reveal images of the bones beneath it.
Advances in technology have led to more powerful and focused X-ray beams as well as
ever greater applications of these light waves, from imaging teensy biological cells and
structural components of materials like cement to killing cancer cells.
 X-rays are roughly classified into soft X-rays and hard X-rays. Soft X-
rays have relatively short wavelengths of about 10 nanometers (a
nanometer is one-billionth of a meter), and so they fall in the range of the
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum between ultraviolet (UV) light and
gamma-rays.
Hard X-rays have wavelengths of about 100 picometers (a picometer
is one-trillionth of a meter). These electromagnetic waves occupy the
same region of the EM spectrum as gamma-rays. The only difference
between them is their source: X-rays are produced by accelerating
electrons, whereas gamma-rays are produced by atomic nuclei in one of
four nuclear reactions.
• X-rays are produced whenever fast moving electrons are decelerated, not
just in x-ray tubes. Nearly all the naturally occurring x-ray sources are
extraterrestrial.
• x-rays are produced when the solar wind is trapped by the Earth's
magnetic field in the Van Allen Radiation Belts.
• Black holes are significant sources of x-rays in the universe

• x-rays are produced when the solar wind is trapped by the Earth's
magnetic field in the Van Allen Radiation Belts.
• Due to their ability to penetrate certain materials, X-rays are used for
several nondestructive evaluation and testing applications, particularly for
identifying flaws or cracks in structural components.
The original use of X-rays was for imaging bones, which were easily
distinguishable from soft tissues on the film that was available at that time.
However, more accurate focusing systems and more sensitive detection
methods, such as improved photographic films and electronic imaging
sensors, have made it possible to distinguish increasingly fine detail and
subtle differences in tissue density, while using much lower exposure levels.
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