Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Managing - Across - Cultures
1 Managing - Across - Cultures
• Establishing
licences
• Setting up new
subsidiaries
• Mergers
• Takeovers
• Setting up co-
operative or joint
ventures
To be successful you need:
• good communicative and negotiation skills requiring an in
depth knowledge of the cultures in which you are working
• Development of skills and competences
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50 France
UK
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30
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Achievement
2. UK and US – Status is more concerned with
achievement rather than ascription. A shareholder-
dominant view is preferred.
• Employees are treated as equals and empowered to
take responsibility for tasks
• Encouraged to achieve.
3. European ie. Germany. Management is achieved
through industrial democracy where supervisory boards
are the legal requirement.
• The stakeholder- view is preferred.
Geert Hofstede Dimensions
UK/US/Germany
www.geert-hofstede.com 17.3.2013
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UK
50 US
40 Germany
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What does a
Manager do?
Management is there to:
Motivate workers
Decrease uncertainty
where needed
Reward good
performance
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Motivation
How do
Managers
achieve targets
through others?
Traditional Motivation Theories
• Maslow
• Herzberg
• McClelland
• Vroom
Cultural and motivation theory
Hofstede suggests that these theories are based on
‘self-interested need/want satisfaction’
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Sweden
40 Holland
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Masculine/achievement
Remuneration societies:
in the UK/US
• Payment by results
• Remuneration by merit
• Performance bonus
• Bucks for behaviour
To relieve
uncertainty
France and Italy
A comforting super-ordinate/father figure manager role
alleviates the stress of any uncertainty. These cultures as
seen as:
• Communitarian/collectivist
• High in power distance
• High in uncertainty avoidance
Geert Hofstede Dimensions
France/Italy
www.geert-hofstede.com 17.3.2013
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90
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50 France
40 Italy
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Strong Leadership
Strong leadership is needed in cultures which are :
• High in power distance
• Masculine/ achievement orientated
• Strong in uncertainty avoidance
Here organisations are:
• Centralised
• Co-ordinated decentralized
• Based on clearly specified and universally applied core values and
core systems to which all are expected to adhere i.e institutions such a
hospitals and universities
Management style will move towards theory X
• Exploitative – authoritative
• Benevolent- authoritative
• Paternalistic
The Leader’s Role
Strong leadership must:
• Formulate and implement rules
• Act as guardian of the rules within a centralised
hierarchical structure
• Manage exceptions (particularly in the case of
‘particularist’ societies where there is a need for
operational flexibility
• Manage innovations and change or manage resistance to
change
Weak Leadership
Strong leadership is less important in cultures who are:
• Collectivist or communitarian
• Lower in power distance
• Feminine/ quality of life orientated
• Low in uncertainty avoidance
Management style will move towards :
• Theory Y – consultative
• Theory Z – participative
Management and Power Distance
• Managers from high power distance cultures with find it
difficult to adapt styles in low power distance
organisations – not used to consulting with staff
• Managers from low power distance will find it difficult in
high power distance organisations and using theory X
motivating strategies
• Managers used to fairly high power distance ie. French
managers will be able to adapt easily in even higher
power distance cultures.
Best fit - polycentricity
Because of cultural diversity, we need to view international
management from multiple perspectives:
1. Best fit: international managers may need to take a
contingency approach to management – use the best
system appropriate to the prevailing local
contingencies
2. Polycentricity
• Acceptance and use of cultural diversity
• Organisation and management are to an appropriate
degree locally adapted
• Other cultures are free to take the best from any one
locality and adapt it to their own circumstances