EXPLORING THE

NATURE OF MATTER
 DIVERSITY OF OBJECTS IN
NATURE
 Nature has an unlimited variety of
living and non-living objects
 UNDERSTANDING THE BASIC
CONSTITUENTS

 Scientists
have been trying from a
long time to understand the
composition of different objects.

 Oneof the scientists who have made

great contribution in this direction is
-John Dalton
 Dalton’s Findings
 Law of Constant Proportions:
Dalton found that no matter which sample of a
particular substance was chosen, the proportion
by weight of its elementary constituents
remained the same.
e.g. Water taken from any place is composed of
Hydrogen and Oxygen. The proportion in it by
weight of hydrogen and oxygen is always 1:8.
 Dalton’s Findings Contd…
 Law of Multiple Proportions: Whenever two
elements combine to form more than one
compound, the different masses of one element
that combine with the same mass of the other
element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
In Water H20, 1g of Hydrogen In Hydrogen Peroxide H202, 1g of
combines with 8g of oxygen Hydrogen combines with 16g of
oxygen

The ratio of oxygen combining with the same amount i.e. 1g of

hydrogen is 8:16 or 1:2 between water and hydrogen peroxide- a
small integral ratio.
Dalton Proposed the following..
 All matter is made of very tiny indivisible
particles called atoms.

 An element is a substance that has the same kind

of atoms in it i.e., all atoms of an element are
identical.

 Atoms of an element combine in many ways to

create the variety and complexity we see around
 Examples of Elements

 Hydrogen

 Oxygen

 Silver

 Copper
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELEMENTS,
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
 Atoms
 Atomconsists of electrons, protons
and neutrons.
 Atomic Mass
 Atomic mass of an atom is the sum
of the masses of its protons and
neutrons.

 Forexample , Mercury has atomic

mass =80+120 = 200 atomic mass
units (a.m.u.)
 Atomic Number

 Atomicnumber of an atom is only

the number of protons the atom has.

 For
example, the atomic number of
mercury(Hg) is 80.
 Arrangement of Electrons around
the Nucleus

 Electrons move around the nucleus

in shells or orbits.
 Number of electrons in each shell
 The first i.e. the innermost shell can
take on only two electrons
 Maximum eight electrons can move
in the second shell.

Neon
 Shells contd..
 The next shell can take maximum of
8 electrons.

 Beyond this, the size of shells

increases, thus they have smaller
shells called sub-shells
 Order of filling shells
 The shells are filled from innermost
to the outermost.

Neon Sodium Magnesium

 Inertness
 When a shell gets
filled, the atom
becomes chemically
inert.

 Helium, Neon, Argon

have their shells full, so
they are chemically
unreactive.