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Integration of Metabolism
Integration of Metabolism
Anabolic pathways
2H
O2
~P
CO2 + H2O Proteins,
Carbohydrates.
Lipids,
Metabolic pathways: Nucleic acids etc.
(i) Anabolic pathways
(ii) Catabolic pathways
(iii) Amphibolic pathways
• Products of digestion:
– Carbohydrate : glucose
– Lipid : fatty acid & glycerol acetyl-CoA
– Protein : amino acid
In Ruminants:
Cellulose is digested by symbiotic
microorganisms to lower fatty acids
(acetic, propionic, butyric) acetyl-CoA
Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Acetyl-CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
2H ATP
2 CO2
• Many of the major foodstuffs are
inconvertible :
– carbohydrate (glucose) is converted to
FA via pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
which is essentially irreversible, so the
opposite process can not take place
– No net conversion of acetyl-CoA to
glucose via Cyclic acid cycle (CA cycle)
• Many carbon skeletons of non-essential
amino acids can be produced from
carbohydrate via CA cycle &
transamination
• Reversal of this process allows glucogenic
amino acids to enter the pathway of
gluconeogenesis
• During starvation, FFA & ketone bodies are
oxidized in preference to glucose which is
spares for tissues such as brain &
erythrocyte that require glucose at all times
• Ketosis is a metabolic adaptation to
starvation and it is exacerbated in
pathologic conditions such as DM &
ruminant ketosis
Overview of Metabolism
Some important points can be made
about this summary diagram
• These pathways are integrated - they do not
operate in isolation. Early parts of the
pathways are reversible
• this is important for the storage and
mobilization of fuels within the body as
dietary supply and the body's need for fuel
changes
• ATP is produced from the catabolic
pathways - fuels are oxidized to products
ATP is consumed in anabolic pathways -
synthesis of storage forms of fuels
• Acetyl CoA is a central focus of
metabolism
• it is formed from all three groups of fuel
molecules and acts as a carrier of acetyl
groups into the TCA cycle for their final
oxidation to carbon dioxide
• it is also the starting point for important
syntheses
– it is the starting point for fatty acids synthesis
– it can be converted to ketone bodies (not
shown on this diagram) when required
Notes:
http://www.medbio.info/Horn/IntMet/integration_of_metabolism%20v2.htm
• Notes:
– Muscle tissue & liver not just take up
glucose but they have glycogen
reserves will be filled up when
glucose is taken up
– Skeletal muscle which makes up more
than 50% of the body will use glucose
as a substrate for “aerobic glycolysis”
• Increased glucose levels stimulate
pancreatic secretion of insulin the
immediate effects :
– Increased skeletal muscle glucose
uptake
– Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis &
glycogenolysis and stimulation of
glucose uptake in the liver (not shown)
– Inhibition of lipolysis in fat tissue
The rates of flux through the various
metabolic pathways are finely controlled in
the healthy individual.