Practical Research 2 Qualitative

Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

 Types of Research
Questions QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 Framework in
Qualitative Research
 Sampling in QL
Research DESIGN 1
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
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St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Conceptions of Qualitative Research?

In 5-6 sentences, please respond to the questions below:

1. How do you define qualitative research?

2. How do you perceive practices in qualitative research?

 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
Click to edit Master title style
1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 The word qualitative implies an emphasis on the qualities of
entities and on process and meanings that are not
experimentally examined in terms of quantitative measure

 It stresses the socially constructed nature of reality, the

intimate relationship between researcher and what is studied
and the constraints that shape inquiry
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION • Individuals or people interact with each other in a social

OF REALITY (Berger & system that leads to representations of actions and these
Luckmann, 1966) concepts become habituated in relation with each other
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

HYPOTHESIS GENERATING RESEARCH

Involves collecting interview data from research participants

concerning a phenomenon of interest, and then using what they
say in order to develop hypotheses.

a) QUESTIONING RATHER THAN MEASURING

b) GENERATING HYPOTHESIS USING THEORETICAL CODING
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Qualitative Quantitative
Research Research
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Funnel/Deductive
Approach
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Inductive
Approach
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Choosing
Research Design 1
Click to edit Master title style Appropriate Coding
1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

Methods
High School Department

(Types of Qualitative
Research Questions)
(Saldana, 2013; Trochim, 2006)
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Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
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TYPE OF QUESTION NATURE STYLE

St. Paul College, Pasig
High School Department

Ontological Research Related to studying “the • What is the nature

Question nature of participants’ of..
realities” • What are the lived
experiences of…
• What is it like being…

Epistemological Related to “knowing an • How does…?

Research Question understanding of the • What does it mean to
phenomenon of be..?
interest” • What factors
influence..?
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 Qualitative research questions are open-ended in
general
 They can change and/or emerge during the study
 Most of the time a few general questions are enough
then supported by sub-questions or specific questions
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Value-free and exploratory language is used
• Generate, discover, understand, describe, explore
• INSTEAD OF
• Affect, relate, compare, determine, cause, influence
• Two types of questions can be used:
• Central Question
• Sub-question
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

CENTRAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 “What do I want to know in the study?”
 It is the overarching question we want to explore
 We consider the most general question we can ask
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

CENTRAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 Strategies to use:
 Begin with How or What (not Why) so you suggest
exploration
 Specify the central phenomenon
 Identify the participants
 Mention the research site
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

CENTRAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 What is the central phenomenon for participants
at research site?

 Example:
What is creativity for five M.A. Students at Cage
University?
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

 What is the central phenomenon for participants

at research site?

 Example:
What is creativity for five M.A. Students at Cage
University?
Problem Poor
Practical Research 2 Better Qualitative
Research Design 1
Too Click
GeneraltoWhat
editisMaster title What
styleis the process being used
1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019
going on here?
by the general education
St. Paul College, Pasig
High School Department

committee at the liberal arts

school?
Too Focused How did the committee What is the process of the
make a curriculum curriculum committee in making
decision about a course decisions about courses?
on the environment?
Too Laden How did the curriculum What was the role of the college
with address its alienation administration in the curriculum
Assumptions from the college committee’s deliberation?
administration?
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

SEATWORK
Pair work ½ sheet of paper.
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

FRAMEWORK IN
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

FRAMEWORK
 Described as the abstract, logical structure of meaning that
guide the development of the study
 All frameworks are based on the identification of key concepts
and relationships among those concepts
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 Consists of concepts that are placed within a logical
and sequential design
 Represents less formal structure and used for studies in
which existing theory inapplicable or insufficient
 Purpose: To clarify concepts and propose relationship
among concepts; to provide a context of interpreting the
study findings; to explain observations; to encourage
theory development
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Geochemistry Rock
(element analyses
analyses) (Geology)

Paleo-
Pb210
climatology
(Radiometric Historical
dating)
environment of
Laguna Lake
(last 10,000 years)
Palynology
Sediment Analyses (pollen
(Process-product approach) analyses)

Vulcanism Tectonics
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• There is a theory that provides a point of focus for
approaching the unknown in a specific area
• Theories are purposely created and formulated,
never discovered, but they can be tested or proven
• Purpose: More formally used for studies with
existing theories; To expand or challenge an existing
theory or set of theories
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

SAMPLING IN QL
RESEARCH
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

• Aim: To generate a sample which allows understanding

the social process of interest
• Technique:
• Purposive sampling – selection of the most productive sample to
answer the research question
• Ongoing interpretation of data will indicate who should be approached,
including identification of missing voices
• Size: Dependent on time, resources, and saturation
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

General Principles:
 Attends the needs of research in answering the research
question
 There must be a clear and comprehensive criterion for
selection
 The general rule in qualitative research is that you continue to
sample until you are not getting any new information or
are no longer gaining any insights (Saturation)
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

General Principles:
 Be sure that the sample includes not only seemingly
“typical” but along seemingly “non-typical”
 When a hierarchy exists, consider getting sample from
various levels of a hierarchy
 Actively look for cases that can potentially discredit
emerging hypotheses or theories
 If appropriate for your research problem, sample from
diverse contexts or situations.
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Conventional Sampling in
Qualitative Research
• Convenience Sampling
• Theoretical Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
• Snowball Sampling
• ** Extreme case/Deviant Case
 Practical Research 2 Qualitative
Research Design 1
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1 ST S E M E S T E R M I D T E R M S
SY2018-2019

St. Paul College, Pasig

High School Department

Theoretical Sampling
• Researcher chooses form of data collection that will yield text
and images useful in generating a theory
• Sampling is intentional and focused on generation of
theory