IEA 112

DR. WIDAD BINTI FADHULLAH

ROOM: 152
widad@usm.my
04-6535202/ 011-24121154
What is organics?

• Anything that is alive or once was alive is “organic.”

• All plants and animals, anything made from plants or
animals, and any wastes generated by plants and animals
are organic
• common organic materials that are used and disposed of
daily include food, paper products like tissues, and yard
waste
 Grasscycling to reduce the huge quantities of clippings
going into landfills

• Grass clippings
• Letting clippings
remain on the ground
returns nutrients to the reduces the use of plastic bags for collecting
lawn, adds organic yard waste
matter to rejuvenate
the soil, conserves
moisture, and saves
time and money on
bagging
• is the practice of
mulching your lawn
with its own clippings
 Mulching
organic materials spread over the surface of the soil to suppress weeds,
keep plant roots cool and moist
one that costs nothing, is easy to keep in place, and reduces
evaporation of soil moisture while permitting rapid penetration of water
conserves water and protects soil from erosion and compaction
 to address : air pollution from the burning of crop

Turn in crop waste

stubble

• At harvest time, crop wastes from annual vegetable and

flower gardens can be chopped or tilled into the soil.
• This returns nutrients and organic material to soil
• Diseased or insect-infested plants should not be turned in
Compost

• mimics the natural cycle of

fallen leaves and branches
decomposing into humus
• the organic material that
has been generated is
gathered and treated in a
way which hastens its
biological decomposition
Types of composting

Passive • simply making a pile of materials and

composting letting them break down slowly

• paying attention to the amounts and

Active
types of materials and turning the
composting
pile frequently
Basics of composting
To live, the microorganisms that make decomposition happen need
the same basic things as humans—oxygen, water, and nutritious food

Turning or mixing the compost occasionally will get oxygen into the
pile.

While the microorganisms need water, if they have too much water,
they will drown.
Microorganisms need 30 times more carbon than nitrogen so adding
more brown materials makes a compost pile function best.
 Basics of composting
Food waste Yard waste (weeds, old
• should be composted in plants, wilted flowers)
closed systems • Composted in the open
• to keep rodents and • generally not susceptible
other pests from to pest problems
becoming a problem
WHAT IS
COMPOST??

• an organic material produced by

decomposition of materials such as dried grass,
leaves, kitchen waste and so on.
• recycles waste into nutrient-rich “humus”
and is sometimes referred to as black gold by
farmers.
• dried leaves
• sticks, twigs, tree branches
• newspaper, papers
(shredded)
•Egg shells
• tea bags/coffee bags

• fruit peels, seeds

• Cow dung, goat manure
• Green grasses
Can we use hair in
compost?
Add in brown
layer ( dried
leaves)
Add in brown layer

01 02 03 04

Add in green layer ( fruit Add in water (as

peels, trimmings from fresh required)
leaves, grasses)
Compost
layering
Issues encountered...... How to solve......

No heat/less heat Add in green

produced in the layer ☘
compost
Smelly Add in brown layer
compost
 Can we use cats, dogs or
bird faeces as ingredients to
put in the compost?

can carry pathogens

that
are dangerous to
people
 soil is easier to work, has good aeration and water retention characteristics

increased resistance
improves the structure of Benefit of compost to erosion
the soil

Helps soil hold elemental plant nutrients until plants

are ready to take them
Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting

Worm bin
Materials needed composition/worm-aided
• A container • uses redworms in an
• Bedding enclosed container to
convert vegetable and
• Red worms fruit scraps into a nutrient-
• Kitchen scraps rich soil amendment
called worm castings
Vermicomposting
Container
• A worm bin can be made
by using almost any
container that is an
appropriate size, prevents
light from entering, has air
vents, and is covered
• Surface area is more
important than depth
• one square foot of
surface is required for
every pound of food
waste to be composted
per week
Bedding Redworms
• Suitable bedding • The most popular (Eisenia fetida)
• surface dwellers that live in the top layer
materials include of soil under the organic debris that is
their food
shredded newspaper • Worms eat half their weight in food
or cardboard, dry scraps and about an equal amount of
bedding each day
leaves, straw, peat • A bin that starts with about a 1 pound of
moss, and wood worms will need to be fed a handful of
food every other day.
shavings • As worms multiply the food supply should
be increased.
 • Kitchen scraps:
• Redworms are capable of eating most
kitchen scraps, but some waste is better
left out of the bin to avoid odor or pest
problems.
• Do not compost meats, fish, dairy
products, oily foods, or cat and dog
waste.
• Foods that can be added to the worm
Vermicomposting bin include:
• vegetable scraps
• fruit peels or pulp
• coffee and tea grounds and filters
• breads (without butter or mayonnaise)
• Food may be cut up or ground into small
pieces to speed up the process. This
provides more surface area for the
worms to feed on.
Byproducts of
vermicomposting

1)Vermicast
• Worm manure/worm faeces vermicast
• Turning organic wastes into casts takes 22–
32 days, depending on density of waste and
earthworm maturity
• is clean, socially acceptable, with little to no
odour
• •requires no energy input for aeration
• •reduces the mass of waste by 30%
• •produces a valuable vermicast byproduct
• •even generates worms as fishing bait
Byproducts of vermicomposting

• organic repellent

Short discussion-next week (05.03.2020):

1) What is vermitea?
2) Is it leachates? Leachates diluted with water?
3) Is it vermicast+sugar+water? vermitea

Write down in a piece of paper with your group names

and pass it to me next week
Eco Enzymes
What is Eco
enzymes?
• Fruit enzymes/garbage
enzymes
• the fermentation process of
fresh kitchen scraps (fruits,
vegetables), sugar (brown
sugar, crude sugar or
molasses) and water
 Natural pesticides: Reduce mosquitoes, flies, rats or cockroach, etc.

Prevent drainpipe
blockage: Benefit of using Eco natural hormone for
Release residues enzymes plants and trees
accumulated natural herbicide in
in the pipe of basins or agriculture
toilet bowls.

To remove foul odours, molds and grime in the

kitchen and toilet
The formula for eco enzymes…….
Recipe to make Eco enzymes
Troubleshooting
Kegunaan……