2nd Lecture-1

Problems
•Problem1. A T-section 150 mm x 120 mm x 20 mm

is used as a strut of 4 m long with hinged at its both
ends. Calculate the crippling load if modulus of
elasticity for the material be 2.0 x 105 N/mm2.
Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

03/07/2020 Mechanical Engineering MUST MirpurAzad Kashmir
Proble
ms
Problem figure:
150 mm
20
mm
120 mm
20
mm

Problems 150
Solution (contd…) mm Y
𝑦 =34 20
mm X mm
X
120 mm
Y 20 mm

Problem
s
Solution (contd…)

Problems
• Problem 2: Compare the ratio of the strength of a solid steel
column to that of a hollow of the same cross-sectional area.
The internal diameter of the hollow column is ¾ of the
external diameter. Both the column have the same length
and are pinned at both ends.

Proble
ms
• Solution:

Problem
s
Solution (contd…):

Problem
s
Solution (contd…):

Intermediate columns: Empirical
Formulae
• Euler’s formula is valid only for long columns, i.e. for
𝐿
columns having 𝐾 ratio greater than a certain value for a
particular material.
• Euler’s formula though valid for 𝑘 𝐿 > 89 for mild steel

column,take into account the direct compressive
doesn’t
stress.
• For intermediate columns, empirical formulae i.e.,
Rankine’s formula, Gordan’s formula and Johnson’s
formulae are appropriate.

Rankine’s
Formula
• Rankine proposed an empirical formula for very short to
very long columns.

Rankine’s Formula
(contd…)

Rankine’s Formula
(contd…)

Rankine’s constant for various
materials

Problems
• Problem 3: A hollow cast iron column 4.5 m long with both ends
fixed , is to carry an axial load of 250 kN under working
conditions. The internal diameter is 0.8 times the outer diameter
of the column. Using Rankine –Gordon’s formula, determine the
diameters of the column adopting a factor of safety of 4.
Assume fc , the compressive strength to be 550 N/mm2 and
Rankine’s constant a=1/1600.

Problems
𝐿 4.5
𝐿 = = =
𝑒
2 2
2.25 m = 2250 mm
d=0.8 D
𝜋(𝐷 2 − 0.8𝐷 2)
Area of the column, 𝐴 = 4 = 0.28 𝐷 2
𝑚𝑚2 = 942.48
𝑚 𝑚 2
𝜋(𝐷 − 0.8 𝐷 4)
4
Moment of inertia, 𝐼= 6 = 0.029 𝐷 4
𝑚𝑚4 4
𝑘 𝐼 0.029 𝐷 4
𝐴= 0.28 = 0.32 𝐷
=
𝐷 22 𝑚 𝑚
Given: fc=550 N/𝑚 𝑚 ,
a=1/1600

𝑃
Problems
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 250×103
= 4 = 62.5 × 103 N
𝐹.
= 𝑆
𝑓𝑐 𝐴
Rankine Load, 𝑃�
𝑙𝑒 2
= � 1+𝑎 𝑘
550×0.28
62.5× 103 21 2
1𝐷
= +
2250
1600 0.32𝐷
154𝐷
62.5× 103 2
3089
1+
= 9
𝐷
2 8
19.31×10
62.5× 103 + 2
= 154𝐷2
𝐷
62.5× 103𝐷2 + 19.31 × 108 =

154𝐷4
𝐷4 −405.84𝐷2 − 0.125
Problems
× 10 = 0 8
405.84 ± 405.842 + 4 × 1 ×
𝐷2 =
0.125 × 108
2× 1
D=61.24 mm
d = 0.8× 61.24 = 48.99 𝑚 𝑚
∴Diameters of the hollow cylindrical column ; d=48.99

mm
D= 61.24 mm.

Problems
• Problem 4: A round steel rod of diameter 15 mm and length 2m
is subjected to a gradual increasing axial compressive load.
Using Euler’s formula find the buckling load. Find also the
maximum lateral deflection corresponding to the buckling
condition. Both ends of the rod may be taken as hinged. Take E
= 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and the yield stress of steel = 240 N/mm2.

Problems
• Solution:
(contd…)

Solution
(contd…)
Problems (contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
Solution
(contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
• Problem 5: A cast iron hollow cylindrical column 3 m in
length when hinged at both ends, has a critical buckling load
of P kN. When this column is fixed at both the ends, its
critical load rises to P+300 kN. If the ratio of external
diameter to internal diameter is 1.25 and E = 1.0x105
N/mm2. Determine the external diameter of the column.

Problems
(contd…)
Solution:

Problems
(contd…)
Solution
(contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
• Problem 5: A hollow cylindrical cast iron column is 4 m long,
both ends being fixed. Design the column to carry an axial
load of 250 kN. Use Rankine’s formula and adopt a factor of
safety of 5. The internal diameter may be taken as 0.8 times
the 1
external diameter. Take 𝑓𝑐= 550 N/mm and 𝑎 = 1600 .
2

Problems
(contd…)
• Solution:

Solution
(contd…)
Problems (contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
Solution
(contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
• Problem 6: A column of 9 m long has a cross section shown in
figure. The column is pinned at both ends. If the column is
subjected to an axial load equal in value ¼ of the Euler’s
critical load for the column. Determine the factor of safety on
the Rankine’s ultimate stress value. Take 𝑓𝑐 = 326 N/mm2,
1
Rankine’s
5205 mm𝑎2. =
constant , 𝐸
𝐼𝑥𝑥=5943.1×
7500
=200
10 4Gpa.
𝑐𝑚 4 ,Properties
𝐼𝑦𝑦=857.5×of
10one RS
4 𝑐𝑚 J
4 ,area =
Thickness of the web=6.7 mm.

Problems
(contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
Solution:

Problems
Solution
(contd…)
(contd…)
𝑙for
𝑒 ends pinned = 𝑙= 9000
03/07/2020
𝑚 𝑚 Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of
Mechanical Engineering MUST MirpurAzad Kashmir
Solution
(contd…)
Problems (contd…)

Problems
(contd…)
Solution
(contd…)


2nd Lecture-1

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Problems

•Problem1. A T-section 150 mm x 120 mm x 20 mm

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

• Euler’s formula though valid for 𝑘 𝐿 > 89 for mild steel

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

62.5× 103𝐷2 + 19.31 × 108 =

∴Diameters of the hollow cylindrical column ; d=48.99

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Thickness of the web=6.7 mm.

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

Engr.Ambreen Tajammal,Lecturer Department of

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