HORIZONTAL CONTROL NETWORKS

‫بكات لتحكم ( ا لربط) ا الفقية‬

‫ش ا‬
1- Tringulation )‫ش بكاتا لمثلثات(مقيسة ا لزوايا‬ 2-Trilateration ‫ش بكاتا لتضليع ( مقيسة ا الطوا )ل‬

Starting (known) Data: ‫بيانات لمعلومة‬

‫ال ا‬
- Length of the base line AB,
- Latitude and longitude of at least one point, say A.
- Azimuth of one line, say AB.
Measured Data: ‫ا الرصاد‬
All possible angles to the other points of the network.
Computed Data: ‫ا لحسابات‬
- Length of all lines of the network.
- Latitude and longitude of all points.
- Azimuth of all lines, say of a line as AC.
Starting Data:
- Azimuth of one line, say AB,
- Latitude and longitude of at least one point, say A
Measured Data:
All possible of all triangle sides.
Computed Data:
- Latitude and longitude of all points,
- Azimuth of all lines, say for line AC.
‫ا لشبكاتمقيسة ا الطوا لوا لزوايا ‪3. Hybrid Networks.‬‬

‫‪4. Geodetic Traverses‬‬ ‫ا لترافرساتا لجيوديسية‬

 Triangulation.‫ش بكاتا لمثلثات‬

1. Grades of Triangulation. ‫درجاتش بكاتا لمثلثات‬

1st order 2nd order 3rd order

Length of base line 5-30 km 1-3 km less than 1
Probable error in base line 1/1000 000 1/5000 00 1/200 000
Probable error of computed distance 1/60 000 1/20 000 1/5 000
1/250 000 1/50 000 1/20 000
Length of sides 15-150 8 - 40 km less than 10
Max. triangulation error 3” 5” 15”
Number of arcs with one second Theo. 12-16 8 4
Probable error in astronomical azimuth 0.30” 2.0” 5.0”
2.Triangulation Schemes.‫أشكا لش بكاتا لمثلثات‬

1- Single system of triangles

2- Cross-braced Quadrilateral
3- Quadrilaterals, pentagons, and r hexagons
3. Field Operations of triangulation networks
‫خطوات االرصاد العملية لشبكات المثلثات‬
1- Selection of Stations: ‫اختار ا لنقط‬
2- Station Description ‫ك روتا لوصفل لنقط‬

3- Station Preparation ‫ت ثبيتا لنقط‬

4- Observations. ‫ا الرصاد‬
5- Inter visibility and Height of Stations.
‫الرؤية وابرج الرصد واالشارة‬
6- Effect of curvature on visibility.
‫تاثير تقوس االرض على االرصاد‬

h1= S2 / 2R

7- Effect of Refraction.
‫تاثير االنكسار الجوى على االرصاد‬

h2 = 2K (S2 / 2R)
 Conditions in Triangulation.
‫ا الشتراطاتف ىا لشبكات‬

1- External Conditions. ‫ا الشترطاتا لخارجية‬

1-The difference between

an astronomically observed azimuth (A)
and the corresponding computed geodetic azimuth ( ):
A -  = n tan  ,
 2-The difference between the astronomically determined la
of a certain station and the corresponding compu
should be equal to those values implied by the pr
of the deflection of th

=  - 
 = ( - ) Cos 

3.The computed value of a certain (check) line

should be equal to the measured value of that line.
 2- Figural Conditions. ‫ا الشترطاتا لداخلية (ا لهندسية) ل لشكل‬
(C) = n – 2 (S – 2)
n= no of observed angles
S= no points in net work

1.Triangle conditions(C1) ‫ا لشرط ا لمثلثى‬

(C1) = L - L1 - (S - S1) + 1
2. Side condition (C2) ‫ا لشرط ا لضلعي‬
(C2) = L - 2S + 3
3. Condition (CL) ‫ا لشرط ا لمحلي‬
(CL) = C – C1 – C2
 :Example (1)
 In the shown triangulation  Number of conditions (c) = n – 2 (S
figure, determine the number - 2) = 14 –2 (6 – 2) = 6,
and type of condition equations,  Number of triangle condition (C1) =
and write down all of these L - L1 - (S - S1) + 1
equations. = 11 – 4 – (6 - 1) +1 = 3,
A  Number of Side conditions (C2)
D = L - 2S + 3=11 – 2 (6) + 3=2,
 Number of Local conditions (CL)
E  = 6 – 3 – 2 = 1,

C
B
:Triangular condition equations are-1
 Δ ABF: (α 3 + v3)+ (α 4 + v 4) + (α 14 + v 14) – (180 + E) = 0.00
v3+ v 4 + v 14 + (α 3 +α 4 +α 14 ) – (180 + E) = 0.00
v3+ v 4 + v 14 + Δ1 = 0.00
Where, Δ1 = (α 3 +α 4 + α 14) – (180 + E1)
Similarly:
 Δ BCF: v5+ v 6 + v 13 + v2 + Δ2 = 0.00
Where, Δ2 = (α 5 +α 6 + α 13 + α 2) – (180 + E2)
 Fig. AFCD: v1+ v 2 + v 11 + v12 + v7 + v8 + v9 + v10+ Δ3 = 0.00
Where, Δ3 = (α 1 +α 2 + α 11 + α 12 +α 7 + α 8 +α 9 + α 10) – (360 + E3)
:Side condition equations are -2
Taking E as a pole for the figure AFCD:
 Log sin (α11 + V11)+Log sin (α7+ v7)+ Log sin (α9 + v9) + Log sin (α1 + v1) - Log
sin (α12 + V12) - Log sin (α8 + V8) - Log sin (α10 + V10) – Log sin (α2+ V2) =
0.00
Or: δ1v1 – δ2v2+ δ7v7 – δ8v8 + δ9v9 – δ10v10 + δ11v11- δ12v12 + Δ4 = 0.00
Where:
Δ4 = Log sin (α11 ) + Log sin (α7 ) + Log sin (α9 ) + Log sin (α1)
-Log sin (α12 ) - Log sin (α8) - Log sin (α10) – Log sin (α2)
And δi is the difference in log sin (αi) for a one second arc.
Similarly, using point F as a pole for the figure ABCE we get:
 Δ2v2 – δ3v3+ δ4v4 – δ5v5 + δ6v6 – δ7v7 + δ7+12 (v7 + v12) - δ2+11 (v2 +v11)+
Δ5 = 0.00
Where:
Δ5 = [Log sin (α2) + Log sin (α4 ) + Log sin (α6) + Log sin (α7 + α12)] -[Log
sin (α3) + Log sin (α5) + Log sin (α7) + Log sin (α2 + α11)]
:Local condition equation is -3
Sum of the observed angles at point F should be
equal to 360o.
V11+ v 12 + v 13 + v14 + Δ6 = 0.00
Where, Δ6 = (α 11 +α 12 + α 13 + α 14 ) – 360o