DR. S & S.S.

GHANDHY GOVERNMENT
ENGINEERING COLLEGE,SURAT

SUB: URBAN TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEM(2160608)

TOPIC:- LOWRY’S DERIVATIVE

MODELS
NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
PATEL KRUNAL 150230106039
PATEL PINAL 150230106040
PATEL PRINKESH 150230106042
PATEL RACHIT 150230106043
PATEL SAHIL 150230106044
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 Content:
 What is land use model?
 Land use planning models
 Lowry model
 Salient features of lowry model
 Limitations
 References

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 What is Land Use Model?
 Land Use Models use economic theories and
simplified statistic methods to explain and estimate the
layout of urban land uses.
 Land Use Model is quantitative method to predict
future changes in land use, socioeconomic and
demographic data based on economic theories and
social behaviors.

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 Land Use Planning Models:
 While selecting a model, the following points should
be considered.
1) Simplicity
2) Modest data requirements
3) Adaptability
4) Comprehensiveness
5) Operationality and rapidity
6) Computer cost

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 Lowry Model:
 The Lowry model was one of the first transportation /
land use model developed in 1964 for the Pittsburgh
region.
 It assumes that regional and urban growth is a function
of the expansion of the basic sector.

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6 Source: Wikiepedia
  The lowry model relates the three principal
components of the urban area, viz:
1. Population
2. Employment
3. Communication between population and
employment

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  Three broad sectors of activity are identified
in the urban form:
1. Employment in basic industries
2. Employment in service (population
serving) industries
3. Household or population sector

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  Basic industries are those industries whose
outputs and services are sold in the market
external to the region under study. e.g.
primary industries, manufacturing
industries, national financial institutions,
university, etc.

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  Service employment is that which serves
the population in a region. The location of
service employment depends upon the
population distribution of that region.
 Examples of service employment are retail
trade, utilities, personal services, elementary
and high school employment, etc.

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  The household sector consists of resident
population.
 The Lowry model can be represented by the
following equations:
 The following notations will be used
 A= Area of land
 E= Employment (no. of persons)

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  N= population(no. of households)
 T = Trip distribution index
 The following superscripts and subscripts
are used:
 U= Unusable land.
 B= Basic sector
 R= Retail sector
 H= Household sector

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  k= class of establishment in the retail
sector(groceries, clothshops, clinics etc.)
 a, b, c, d, e, f, g= coefficients and
unspecified functions

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 Land Use:
 Total land available in each zone and the land therein
not useable by any of the three activities are given.

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 Basic sector:
 For each zone, the land used by basic
establishments (AjB) and the employment
opportunities provided by these
establishments (EjB) are extogeneously
specified.

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 Retail Sector:
 Retail sectors are divided into gu uups, 1
having its own characteristic production
function. The employment in each of the
retail sector can be considered roughly to be
a function of the households in the region.
 Ek = ak N

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  Assuming that the shopping trips originate
either from home or from work places, the
market potential of any given location can
be defined as a weighted index of the
number of households in the surrounding
areas and the number of persons employed
nearby. Thus:

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  Tijk is a positive function of the trip distance,
the coefficients ck and dk are measures of the
relative importance of homes and
workplaces as origins for a particular type
shopping, bl is the scale factor which adjusts
retail employment in each tract to the
regional total.

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 Total Employment:
 The above procedure determines the amount
of employment in any zone for each
category of retail trade. The sum of these
employment figures, plus the quantity of
basic employment allocated to each zone is
the total employment for the zone. Thus

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  The amount of land occupied by retail
establishments in each zone is given by

 ek= exogenously determined employment

density coefficient for each trade.

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 Household sector:
 The household population of a region is a
function of total employment. Thus

 The population living in any zone j is also a

function of the employment opportunities in
the different zones and the measure of
accessibility from zone. Thus
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 Salient features of Lowry model:
 The core assumption of the Lowry model
assumes that regional and urban growth (or
decline) is a function of the expansion (or
contraction) of the basic sector. This
employment is in turn having impacts on the
employment of two other sectors, retail and
residential.

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  It is assumed that the location of basic
industry is independent of the
location of residential areas and service
centers.
 Population is allocated in proportion to the
population potential of each zone and
service employment in proportion to market
potential of each zone.

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  The model ensures that populations located
in any zones dose not violate a maximum
density or holding capacity constraint is
placed on each category of service
employment.
 Lowry model relates population and
employment at one particular time horizon.

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 Limitations:
 The Lowry model has obviously several
limitations. It is notably a static model,
which does not tell anything about the
evolution of the transportation / land use
system.

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  The model is likely the be inaccurate in the
major service-oriented metropolitan areas of
today where current economic changes are
in the service (non-basic) sectors, forming
the foundation of urban productivity and
dynamics in many metropolitan areas.

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  The Lowry model does not consider
movements of freight in urban areas, which
are very significant and have impacts on the
friction of distance

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 References:

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 THANK YOU

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