Somatic

Sensations
SGD 8 MODUL 1.3
Anggota :
Chairul Rifki. (31101900022)
Ega Id’ham Pramudya (31101900029)
Gemilang Lintang S SARJ (31101900034)
Ghanesya Dhipda Nuratika (31101900035)
Ivan Surya Al Atiq (31101900045)
Lulu Sa’adah (31101900049)
M. Faiz Faz Sukarno (31101900054)
M. Ariq Yanuar (31101900057)
Nurul Ishla Nafisa (31101900070)
Putri Wira Adhyaksa (31101900074) Tortora, Gerard. J. 2017. Principles. Of
Anatomy Physiology. 13Th. Ed.
Somatic sensations arise from stimulation of
sensory receptors embedded in the skin or
subcutaneous layer; in mucous membranes of the
mouth, vagina, and anus; in muscles, tendons, and
joints; and in the inner ear. The sensory receptors for
somatic sensations are distributed unevenly—some
Somatic
Sensations
parts of the body surface are densely populated with
receptors, and others contain only a few. The areas
with the highest density of somatic sensory
receptors are the tip of the tongue, the lips, and the
fingertips. Somatic sensations that arise from
stimulating the skin surface are cutaneous
sensations (ku¯-TA¯ne¯-us; cutane- skin). There are
four modalities of somatic sensation: tactile,
thermal, pain, and proprioceptive.
The tactile sensations (TAK-tı¯l; tact- touch)
include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle. Although we perceive
differences among these sensations, they arise by activation of some of
the same types of receptors. Several types of encapsulated
mechanoreceptors attached to large-diameter myelinated A fibers

Tactile
mediate sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration.

Other tactile sensations

Sensations
such as itch and tickle sensations, are detected by free Nerve
endings attached to small-diameter, unmyelinated C fibers.

Tactile receptors in the skin or subcutaneous layer

include corpuscles of touch, hair root plexuses, type I
cutaneous mechanoreceptors, type II cutaneous
mechanoreceptors, lamellated corpuscles, and free nerve
endings.
 Corpuscles of touch or Meissner corpuscles (MI¯S-ner) are

1.
touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae of
hairless skin. Each corpuscle is an egg-shaped mass of
dendrites enclosed by a capsule of connective tissue. They
generate nerve impulses mainly at the onset of a touch.
They are abundant in the fingertips, hands, eyelids, tip of

Touch
the tongue, lips, nipples, soles, clitoris, and tip of the
penis.

Hair root plexuses are rapidly adapting touch receptors

2.
found in hairy skin; they consist of free nerve endings
wrapped around hair follicles. Hair root Plexuses detect
movements on the skin surface that disturb hairs. For
example, an insect landing on a hair causes movement of
the Hair shaft that stimulates the free nerve endings.
two types of slowly adapting touch receptors :

1. Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors,

also called tactile discs, are saucer-
shaped, flattened free nerve endings
that make contact with tactile

TOUCH
epithelial cells (Merkel cells) of the
stratum basale. These touch receptors
are plentiful in the fingertips, hands,
lips, and external genitalia.

2. Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors, or

Ruffini corpuscles, are elongated,
encapsulated receptors located deep in
the dermis, and in ligaments and
tendons. Present in the hands and
abundant on the soles, they are most
sensitive to stretching that occurs as
digits or limbs are moved.
 Pressure, a sustained sensation that is felt over a larger area than touch,
occurs with deformation of deeper tissues. Receptors that contribute to
sensations of pressure include corpuscles of touch, type I cutaneous
mechanoreceptors, and lamellated corpuscles.

PRESSURE
 Lamellated corpuscle or pacinian corpuscle (pa-SIN-e¯-an) is a large oval
structure composed of a multilayered connective tissue capsule that
encloses a dendrite. Like corpuscles of touch, lamellated corpuscles adapt
rapidly. They are widely distributed in the body: in the dermis and
subcutaneous layer; in submucosal tissues that underlie mucous and serous
membranes; around joints, tendons, and muscles; in the periosteum; and in
the mammary glands, external genitalia, and certain viscera, such as the
pancreas and urinary bladder.
 Sensations of vibration, such as those you
feel when you use an electric knife to carve a
turkey, result from rapidly repetitive sensory
signals from tactile receptors. The receptors for VIBRATION
vibration sensations are corpuscles of touch
and lamellated corpuscles. Corpuscles of touch
can detect lower-frequency vibrations, and
lamellated corpuscles detect higher-frequency
vibrations.
The itch sensation results from stimulation of
free nerve endings by certain chemicals, such
as bradykinin aor antigens in mosquito saliva
injected from a bite, often because of a local

ICTH
inflammatory response (bradykinin, a kinin, is a
potent vasodilator).
Free nerve endings are thought to mediate the tickle
sensation. This intriguing sensation typically arises

Ticle
only when someone else touches you, not when you
touch yourself. The solution to this. puzzle seems to lie
in the impulses that conduct to and from the
cerebellum when you are moving your fingers and
touching yourself that don’t occur when someone else
is tickling you.
Pain is indispensable for survival. It serves a protective function
by signaling the presence of noxious, tissue-damaging conditions.
Nociceptors, the receptors for pain, are free nerve endings found
in every tissue of the body except the brain

Types of Pain
• fast pain occurs very rapidly, usually within 0.1 second after a
stimulus is applied, because the nerve impulses propagate
along medium-diameter, myelinated A fibers. Fast pain is very
precisely localized to the stimulated area. Pain Sensation
• slow pain, by contrast, begins a second or more after a
stimulus is applied. It then gradually increases in intensity over
a period of several seconds or minutes. Somatic slow pain
also is well localized but more diffuse (involves large areas);
it usually appears to come from a larger area of the skin

Pain that arises from stimulation of receptors in the skin is called

superficial somatic pain
stimulation of receptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and
fascia causes deep somatic pain
THANKS