Objectives of Text/Discourse Analysis

1. What does a text mean?

2. How does it mean?
3. Why does it mean in the way it does?

To attain the objectives,T/DA proceeds in two ways

a. Objectively : lexicogrammar
b. Subjectively : interpretation based on the
relation between
lexicogrammatical aspects and
elements of social contexts (the
relation between a and b point)
 LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL CONTEXT

Interpersonal
Function IDEOLOGY

CULTURE
• Textual
SITUATION
Function
Tenor
Experiential
Function
Field (Discourse) Mode
Semantics
Negotiation
Ideation/ Identification
Conjunction
Lexicogrammar
Mood Theme/
Transitivity/ Rheme
phonology
Ergativity
Phonology/
Graphology/
Sign
 Analysis of Experiential Function
1. the room was large (Process: Rel)
2. and furniture was placed in the middle (Process: Mat; Circ: Loc: Spa)
3. as I was walking into another room (Process: Mat; Circ: Loc: Spa)
4. where she was lying (Process: Mat)
5. I saw a host of flowers by the window (Process: Men; Circ: Loc: Spa)
6. the flowers reminded me of the park (Process: Men)
7. where we usually sat (Process: Mat; Circ: Ext: Fre)
8. once we went there (Process: Mat; Circ: Loc: Spa)
9. she kissed me (Process: Mat)
10. and said (Process: Ver)
11. ”Darling, are you worried?” (Process: Men)
12. and after a pause of hesitation continued (Process: Ver; Circ: Ext: Tem)
13. “There is nothing to worry.” (Process: Ext)
14. she smiled (Process: Beh)
15. and I said (Process: Ver)
16. “Let me pick a red rose for you” (Process: Mat)
17. Now there is no more smile on the stiff lips (Process: Ext; Circ: Loc: Spa)
18. and the flower is gone (Process: Rel)
19. it is just a memory (Process: Rel)
20. and I will never see her again (Process: Men)
 ANALYSIS OF TEXT
The room was large and furniture was placed in the middle.
As I was walking into another room, where she was lying, I
saw a host of flowers by the window. The flowers reminded
me of the park where we usually sat. Once we went there.
She kissed me and said, ”Darling, are you worried?”, and after
a pause of hesitation continued, “There is nothing to worry.”
She smiled and I said, “Let me pick a red rose for you”. Now
there is no more smile on the stiff lips and the flower is gone.
It is just a memory and I will never see her again...
 Table 1 Proportion of Process
No Process Jumlah Percentage
1 Material 7 35
2 Mental 4 20
3 Relational 3 15
4 Behavioural 1 5
5 Verbal 3 15
6 Existential 2 10
Total 20 100
 Table 2 Proportion of Circumstance
No Circumstance Number Percentage
1 Extent : Fre 2 28.57
2 Location 5 71.43
3 Manner 0 0
4 Cause 0 0
5 Contingency 0 0
6 Role 0 0
7 Matter 0 0
8 Accompaniment 0 0
9 Angle 0 0
Total 7 100
 Table 3 Participant

No Participants I II III Total

1 I, me 4 4 0 8
2 she, her 5 1 0 6
3 flower 2 0 0 2
4 we 2 0 0 2
5 you 2 0 1 3
6 there 2 0 0 2
7 it 1 0 0 1
8 the room 1 0 0 1
9 the furniture 1 0 0 1
10 a red rose 0 1 0 1
Total 20 6 1 27

1. Major participant
(I, me, she, her, you, we) 19
2. Moderate (flower , there) 4
3. Minor (room, furniture, rose, it) 4
Total 27
 Analysis of Interpersonal Function
1. the room was large (Statement; Declarative)
2. and furniture was placed in the middle (Statement; Declarative)
3. as I was walking into another room (Statement; Declarative)
4. where she was lying (Statement; Declarative)
5. I saw a host of flowers by the window (Statement; Declarative)
6. the flowers reminded me of the park (Statement; Declarative)
7. where we usually sat (Statement; Declarative)
8. once we went there (Statement; Declarative)
9. she kissed me (Statement; Declarative)
10. and said (Statement; Declarative)
11. ”Darling, are you worried?” (Question; Interrogative))
12. and after a pause of hesitation continued (Statement; Declarative)
13. “There is nothing to worry.” (Statement; Declarative))
14. she smiled (Statement; Declarative))
15. and I said (Statement; Declarative))
16. “Let me pick a red rose for you” (Offer; Interrogative)
17. Now there is no more smile on the stiff lips (Statement; Declarative)
18. and the flower is gone (Statement; Declarative)
19. it is just a memory (Statement; Declarative))
20. and I will never see her again (Statement; Declarative))
 Teble 4 Proportion of Speech Function
No. Types of SF Number Percentage
1. Statement 18 90
2. Question 1 5
3. Offer 1 5
4. Command 0 0
Total 20 100
 Textual Function Analysis
No Theme Rheme
1 the room was large (UST)
2 and furniture was placed in the middle (UMT)
3 as I was walking into another room (UMT)
4 where she was lying
5 I (UMT)
saw a host of flowers by the
6 the flowers window (UST)
7 where we reminded me of the park (UST)
8 once usually sat (UMT)
9 she we went there (MST)
10 and (she) kissed me (UST)
said (UMT)
 Textual Analysis (cont. 1)
No Theme Rheme

11 darling, are you worried? (UMT)

12 and after a pause of
hesitation (she) continued (MMT)
13 there is nothing to worry (UST)
14 she smiled (UST)
15 and I said (UMT)
16 (you) let me pick a red rose for you (UST)
17 now there is no more smile on the stiff lips (UMT)
18 and the flower is gone (UMT)
19 it is just a memory (UST)
20 and I will never see her again (UMT)
 Table 5 Proportion of Theme
No. Types of Theme Number Percentage
1. UST 8 40
2. UMT 10 50
3. MST 1 5
4. MMT 1 5
Total 20 100

UST = Unmarked Simple Theme

UMT = Unmarked Multiple Theme
MST = Marked Simple Theme
MMT = Marked Multiple Theme
 Analysis of Logical Function
1. the room was large
2. and furniture was placed in the middle (1 + 2)
3. as I was walking into another room,
4. where she was lying (a = b)
5. I saw a host of flowers by the window (a x b)
6. the flowers reminded me of the park
7. where we usually sat (a = b)
8. once we went there.
9. she kissed me
10. and said, (1 + 2)
11. ”Darling, are you worried?” (1 “2)
12. and after a pause of hesitation continued (1+2)
13. “There is nothing to worry.” (1”2)
14. she smiled
15. and I said (1 + 2)
16. “Let me pick a red rose for you” (1 “2)
17. now there is no more smile on the stiff lips
18. and the flower is gone (1 +2)
19. it is just a memory
20. and I will never see her again (1 +2)
 Table 6 Logical Function
No Logical Function Number Percentage
1 1=2 0 0
2 1+2 6 50
3 1x2 0 0
4 1 “2 3 25
5 1 ‘2 0 0
6 a=b 2 16.7

7 a+b 0 0

8 axb 1 8.3

9 a “b 0 0

10 a ‘b 0 0

Total 12 100