SOLVENT EXTRACTION

The application of extractions

( cloud point extraction, for recovery and
extraction to ionic liquids, preconcentration
supercritical fluid extraction,
and membrane extraction )

The extraction can be classified into two general types.

1). Discontinuous methods (“batch”)
performed in conventional separating funnels.
2). Continuous methods
performed by different procedures, such as solvent
recirculation, extraction chromatographic techniques or
countercurrent chromatography.
Extraction reagents are normally used :
The acidic, basic and solvating (neutral) extractants.
 Acidic extractants can be divided into simple organic acids,
e.g., carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, phosphonic acids,
phosphinic acids, thiophosphorus acids and sulfonic acids,
and chelating reagents, e.g., hydroxyoximes, 8-hydroxy(thio)
quinolines,b-diketones, nitrosophenols, pyridylazonaphthols.

These reagents transfer metal cations into the organic phase

in the form of neutral complexes, e.g., copper(II) with
hydroxyoximes (HL) :

The distribution ratio ( D = Co/Cw ) is a function of reagent

concentration and equilibrium pH :
the possible extraction pathways in typical extraction
for metal recovery with an acidic extractant
In general case reaction proceeds simultaneously both in the
bulk of the aqueous phase and at the interface

Reaction scheme of metal complexing from acidic sulfate solutions

with hydroxyoxime extractants.
Solvent for extraction
 Pengaruh pH dan n kali ekstraksi

The extraction of metal dithizonate in chloroform