PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS
BY: FAT H I M AT H I N A S H A EASA,
SUKD1900262
WHAT IS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

• Process by which biological cells generate new

proteins.
• Involves two main steps:
 Transcription
 Translation

Transcription Translation
DNA mRNA Protein
 TRANSCRIPTION
• Stage 1: Initiation. A region at the beginning of the
gene called promotor triggers the start of transcription.
• Stage 2: Elongation. RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA
segment. One strand, coding strand/anti sense strand,
becomes the template with the genes to be coded.
• The polymerase then aligns the correct nucleic acid (A, C,
G, or U) with its complementary base on the coding
strand of DNA.
•  The bases are joined together by condensation reaction
forming phosphodiester bonds. Hence, building up a new
strand called Pre-mRNA.
• The Pre-mRNA undergoes post transcriptional changes to
form a mature mRNA
• Stage 3 : Termination. When the polymerase has reached
the end of the gene, the transcription process is terminated,
a guanine cap and polyadenine tail is added to the and the
mRNA diffuses out of nucleus through nuclear pores
 TRANSLATION
•Stage 1 initiation: The small ribosomal subunit
bind to the start codon on the mRNA. Then a
tRNA molecule carrying the amino acid
methionine binds to the start codon of the mRNA
sequence. Next, the large ribosomal subunit
binds to form the complete initiation complex.
•Stage 2 elongation: During the elongation
stage, the ribosome continues to translate each
codon in turn. Each corresponding amino acid is
added to the growing chain and linked via a bond
called a peptide bond. Elongation continues until
all of the codons are read.
•Stage 3 termination: Occurs when the
ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, and
UGA). Release factors attach to the ribosome
detaching the polypeptide chain from the tRNA .