Influence of Industrial Revolution on

Architecture

14-03-2012
 INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution,

which began in England about
1760, led to radical changes at
every level of civilization
throughout the world. The
growth of heavy industry
brought a flood of new
building materials—such as
cast iron, steel, and glass—
with which architects and
engineers devised structures
hitherto undreamed of in
function, size, and form.
For the new modes of
transportation, canals,
tunnels, bridges, and railroad
stations, were designed.
 NEW MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES

Improvements to the iron making process

encouraged the building of bridges and other
structures. Large indoor open spaces were now
made possible with the use of strong iron
framed construction; this was ideal for
factories, museums and train stations.
Taxes against glass, bricks and other
.
new materials were repealed which saw
a new interest in using these building
materials. Factory made plate glass was
developed and complex designs in iron
grillwork were a popular decoration for
the classical and Gothic buildings. There
were also terracotta manufacturing
improvements, which allowed for more
of its use in construction. Steel
skeletons were covered with masonry
and large glass skylights were popular.
 CRYSTAL PALACE(1850-51,
RECONSTRUCTED1852-54)

A vast but ephemeral

exhibition hall, was the
work of Sir Joseph Paxton,
a man who had learned
how to put iron and glass
together in the design of
large greenhouses. Built
within 6 months, it
demonstrated a hitherto
undreamed-of kind of
spatial beauty, and in its
carefully planned building
process, which included
prefabricated standard
parts. It foreshadowed
industrialized building and
the widespread use of cast
iron and steel.
The Crystal Palace was
originally erected in
Hyde Park, London,
England, to house the
Great Exhibition of
1851. More than 14,000
exhibitors from around It was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an
the world gathered in interior height of 128 feet (39 m). Because
the Palace's 990,000 of the recent invention of the
square feet (92,000 m2) cast plate glass method in 1848, which
of exhibition space to allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong
display examples of glass, it was at the time the largest amount
the latest technology of glass ever seen in a building and
developed in the astonished visitors with its clear walls and
Industrial Revolution. ceilings that didn't require interior lights,
thus a "Crystal Palace".
 CRYSTAL PALACE(1850-51),

The palace was conceived to

symbolize the industrial, military
and economic superiority of Great
Britain.
The building was divided into a
series of courts depicting the
history as well as exhibits. Major
concerts were held in the Palace’s
huge arched Central Transept. The park also contained
The Crystal Palace contained
series of fountains, comprising collections of statues, many
almost 12,000 individual jets. The of which were copies of great
largest of these threw water to a works from around the world.
height of 250ft. Some 120,000 Crystal Palace park was also
gallons of water flowed through
the system when it was in full play. the scene of spectacular
The Crystal Palace had the first Brock’s fireworks displays.
major installation of public toilets,
the Retiring Rooms, in which The Palace was spacious
sanitary engineer George Jennings
installed his enough to enclose mature
"Monkey Closet" flushing lavatory. existing trees within its walls.
CRYSTAL PALACE(1850-
51),

1862 Map- Crystal Palace Ground

Queen Victoria opening the Great

Exhibition
 PARIS EXHIBITION (1889)

The Universal Exposition of 1889 (Exposition Universelle

de 1889) was a highly successful international exhibition
and one of the few world's fairs to make a profit. Its central
attraction was the Eiffel Tower, a 300-meter high marvel of
iron by Gustave Eiffel. Over eighty other structures on the
Champ de Mars housed exhibits, including the impressive
1,452 foot long Galerie des Machines by Ferdinand Dutert.
The fair attracted exhibits from Europe, South America,
the United States, and the French colonies, yet in the final
analysis it was a celebration of French achievements on
the centennial of the French Revolution.
The 1889 Exposition covered a total
area of 0.96 km², including
the Champ de Mars, the Trocadéro,
the quai d'Orsay, a part of
the Seine and
the Invalides esplanade. Transport
around the Exposition was partly
provided by a 3 kilometre (1.9 mi)
600 millimetre (2 ft 0 in) gauge
railway by Decauville. It was
claimed that the railway carried
6,342,446 visitors in just six
months of operation. 
 PARIS EXHIBITION, EIFFEL TOWER(1887-89)

During the Industrial Era,

much important in its
innovative use of metal was
the great tower (1887-
1889) of Alexandre-Gustave
Eiffel in Paris. In general,
however, the most gifted
architects of the time
sought escape from their
increasingly industrialized
environment by further
development of traditional
themes and eclectic styles.
Eiffel Tower served as the
entrance arch to the Fair.
The tower was constructed
of puddled iron, a form of
purified wrought iron
 PARIS EXHIBITION, EIFFEL TOWER(1887-89)

Engineer:Gustave Eiffel.
Architect: Stephen Sauvestre.
Year of construction:1887
Completed:18 months
Construction: 18,000 pieces ,five meters each used to construct.
Tower was specifically designed and calculated, traced out to an
accuracy of a tenth of a millimetre.
PARIS EXHIBITION, GALERIE DES MACHINES

An equally significant building

constructed for the fair was
the Galerie des machines, designed
by architect Ferdinand Dutert and
engineer Victor Contamin. It was
reused at the exposition of 1900 and
then destroyed in 1910. At 111
meters, the Galerie (or "Machinery
Hall") spanned the longest interior
space in the world at the time, using
a system of hinged arches (like a
series of bridge spans placed not
end-to-end but parallel) made of steel
or iron. The choice of construction
material is controversial; the building
was designed to be built with steel
but was actually constructed in iron.