Application of Materials

Part II, Engineering materials

Structural strength

Strenth of
Stiffness Reliability Lifetime
Materials
Strength of materials
Properties determined at tensile/compression
tests
N
  2
m m
F m ax

R m

F eH

F eL
R p 0 ,2

0
Permanent
J ä ä v p i k e elongation
n e m in e L , m m      
A
K o Total
g u p i k elongation
e n e m in e A t
Criteria for materials selection
 plastic materials – yield strength (yield limit) –
Re, Rp (Rec, Rpc)
 brittle materials – strength limit – Rm (Rmc), Rm/

Classification of materials (Re, Rp0,2)

 low strength < 250 N/mm2
 medium strength 250...750 N/mm2
 high strength 750...1500 N/mm2
 super high strength > 1500 N/mm2
 Stress concentration
F F

smax

sm
R
sm

t
 max  2 m
R
t

F F
 Stiffness
Stiffness D = Ex K(geometric characteristic of cross-
section)
At tension K = S (cross-section area)
At bending K = I (moment of inertia) I = bh3/3
Modulus of elasticity
N o r m a a l-
Normal N ih k e -
Shear M a h t-
Volume
  

E = tg  G = tg  K = tg 
E =   G =   K =  
     

E G = 3 /8 E K =E
Modulus of elasticity
Material E, N/mm2 x 109
Diamond 1000
WC 450-650
SiC 500
Al2O3 390
TiC 380
Mo & Mo-alloys 320-360
Co & Co-alloys 200-250
Ni & Ni-alloys 130-230
Steels 190-210
Cast irons 170-190
Cu & Cu-alloys 120-150
Ti & Ti-alloys 80-130
Zn & Zn-alloys 45-90
Al & Al-alloys 70-80
Sn & Sn-alloys 40-50
Graphite 30
Pb & Pb-alloys 15
Plastics 1-5
Rubbers 0,01-0,1
PVC 0,003-0,01
 Reliability (1)
Toughness – notch impact energy KU or KV, J
– fracture toughness KC, N/mm2  m1/2
K U K U
100

e p i n n a %%
K i u l i s fracture
50

Ductile
0
TTDBT
K H L T T’
T K DBT
H L TTDBT
K H L T T 50 T
55 10

R 0 .2 5
T  KU, KV – cold brittleness

2
10
TDBT – ductile-to-brittle transition 45
55 10

R 1 .0

10

5
Reliability (2)
Influence of C, ordinary and alloying elements to KU
TDBT

TDBT

TDBT
normal el steel

cold worked

cold worked

TDBT C TDBT C
Reliability (3)

Ductile-to-brittle transition T50, C

% of alloying elements
 Dependence of M toughness of
Reliability (4) A-grain size
KU,
A U, J
Dependence of KU/KV on temperature
15,4
Purustustöö
KU, KV

14,0
low strength
Madaltugev
12,6
11,2

9,8

8,.4

Kõrgtugev
high strength 7,0

5,6

4,2
2,8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grain no.
Tera nr.
Temperatuur
T
Fine and coarse grain steels
a b
T, C T, C
1200 1200

1100 1100
1
A 2
1000 1000
A cm

900
A
900 1 – killed steel
3 A +T
800 800 2 – rimmed steel
A +F A
A 1 C 1

700 700 dA
F F+T
600 600
0 0 ,5 1 ,0 1 ,5 C % d P d
Influence of microalloying elements
140
120
r a ,  m m 2
V a n a aVd i u m
2
100
i t eferrite,

80
r r i i d of

60 T i t aTi
an
F e size

40
Grain

N i o oNb
b iu m
20
0
0 0 ,0 2 0 ,0 4 0 ,0 6 0 ,0 8 0 ,1 0 0 ,1 2
L e g Alloying
e e r i v a t e eelements,
l e m e n t i d e% %
Plane strain fracture toughness K1c

At tension K1c
b
F

Coefficient of stress intensity

K max   max a [MPam1/2]

F
Relationship between K1c and yield
strength
Superplastic

Fracture toughness K1c, MPa  m1/2

steels
Material K1C, MPa 
m1/2
WC (E)
TiC 6 (680) Low-
alloyed
SiC 4 (440) highly
Al2O3 3 (420) Maraging
tempered steels
SiO2 3 (320) steels
Steels 0,7 (100) Precipitation
-low carbon 54 hardened
-maraging 110-175 stainless
steels

Yield strength, MPa

Life time (1) R (R = min/max)
Fatigue -1 – symmetric loading
a b


P in g e e p ü ü r 


R

7
N 1 N 2 N 3 10 N
F

Impactors: Steels N = 107

- surface roughness Nonferrous alloys N = 108
- stress state
- stress concentrations
Life time (2)
Material Rp0,2, -1,
N/mm2 N/mm2
Plain carbon 275 240
steel 475 340
-strain 1700 700
hardened 275 100
-annealed 110 80
Alloyed steel 900 500
Al-alloys 450 150
-wrought alloys

-cast alloys

Ti-alloys
Cu-alloys
Life time (3)

Creep  = f(, T, t)
 low temperature T/T
m < 0.5
 high temperature T/T
m > 0.5

Impactors
 structure
750
creep alloys) – 1.0 / 1000
 alloying (super 

 TMT
Corrosion

Modes of corrosion
in dry gases
Chemical
in organic liquids

in water containing environments

Electrochemical
in melt electrolytes

Biochemical
Types of corrosion
Types of corrosion:
a – uniform
b – nonuniform
c – selective
d – spotted
e – pitting
f – dotted
g – under surface
h – intercrystal
i - stress
Chemical corrosion of metals (1)

2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO
2 Fe + 3 O2 = Fe2O3
For protection Voxide > Vmetal
Kui Voxide/Vmetal > 1 – Cd, Al, Ti, Zr, Zn, Ni, Cr, Fe
At high Voks / Vmet (1,2…2,0)  cracking
High temperature corrosion
T  1000 C – oxide layer  electroconductive
Chemical corrosion of metals (2)
Corrosion influencing parameters
 structure

 surface treatment materials parameters

 internal stresses

 T

 gas composition
 velocity environmental parameters
 heating parameters
Chemical corrosion of metals (3)

Protection
all. el base metal all. el. base metal
 alloying (F
oxide  Foxide , rion  rion )
 coatings

 protective atmosphere (at heat treatment) (H + N

2 2
+ H2O; CO + CO2 + N2; etc.)
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (1)
Moisture + H2S, Co2, Normal potential Galvanic series
E, V Normal condition Sea water
So2, NaCl 
electrolyte -2,37 Mg Mg
-1,66 Al Zn
metals  galvanic pair -1,63 Ti Cd
-1,18 Mn Al
soft steel
-0,76 Zn Pb
-0,74 Cr Sn
Ni
-0,44 Fe brass
-0,40 Cd Cu
-0,25 Ni monel (Ni alloy
-0,14 Sn Cr-steel (13% Cr)
0,13 Pb Ti
+0,34 Cu Cr
+0,80 Ag Ag
+1,20 Pt Au
+1,50 Au Pt
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (2)

Microgalvanic pairs at steels

Atmosphere

Moisture
film

Metal
Electrochemical corrosion of metals (3)
Protection (1)
 Selection of materials
Table: Allowed contacts of metals

Group
I II III IV V
Mg Al Fe Ni Ti
Zn plain Cr Cu-Ni
carbon alloy
steel
Cd Pb Stainless Cu-Zn
steel alloy
Sn Cr-steel Cu
Ag, Au
Protection (2)
 Protective coatings
- metallic (less active metals (Cu, Ni, Sn, Ag) – up
to coating must be undamage; active (Zn, Co) –
protection up to end)
- paints, lubricants
 other
- cathodic protection
- protector protection
- anodic protection
- corrosion inhibitors (high molecular matters)
Wear

Modes of wear

Mechanical Corrosive-mechanical Adhesive

-abrasion -oxidizing wear
-erosion -fretting corrosive wear
-cavitation
-fatigue wear
Method for wear protection
 hardening, thermo-chemical treatment
 overwelding
 surface alloying
 coating (chemical, thermo-chemical, thermally
sprayed, PVD, CVD, mechanical)
 selection of pairs (by adhesion)
Wear testing methods
Description
Sliding friction with or
without a lubrication

Abrasive wear

Rolling friction with or

without a lubrication
Material groups

Metals

Cermets
MCM Ceramics
CCM
Glass-ceramics
Composites GCCM
PCM FRG
Polymers Glass

MCM Metal composite materials

CCM Ceramic composite material
PCM Polymeric composite material
GCCM Glass-ceramic composite material
FRG Fiber-reinforced glass
Specific strength of materials (1)
Material group  Rm Rm/
kg/m3 N/mm2 up to
Metals and alloys
Cast irons 7800 150…800 10
Plain carbon 7800 320…1000 13
steels 7800 460…1650 21
Alloy steels 2700 150…500 18
Al-alloys 8900 230…700 8
Cu-alloys 4500 300…1450 32
Ti-alloys 1750 150…335 20
Mg-alloys
Plastics

PVC 1350 10…25

PE 950 20…40 8
PC 1050 35…80
Fiberglass 1250 30…90
plastic EP 1250 80…170 14

.
PC
Specific strength of materials (2)
Material group  Rm Rm/
kg/m3 N/mm2 up to
Cera- Al2O3 3980 300…400 10
mics TiO2 4240 70…170 4
3Al2O3 2SiO2 3160 110…190 6
3220 450…800 25
SiC (-modif.)
3170 500…1000 22
Si3N4
Compo Al-B (30%) 2700 80
-sites Al-B (50%) 110 4
Fiberglass plastic EP 1250 30…90
EC 80…170 14
Carbon-Carbon
composite 35 (2000C)
3-directions 5 (3000C)
Wood Pine 550 II 89
Oak 690 II 97 17
Basic physical and mechanical
properties of construction materials (1)
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers
2-6 2-17
Density, 
(average. (average. 1-2
kg/m3 x 10-3
8) 5)
Low. 
TS, C High. High 
Low
Sn232, 4000
W3400
Hardness Average High Low
Workability Good Poor Good
Tensile
strength Rm,  2500  400  120
MPa
Compressive
strength Rmc,  2500  5000  350
MPa
Basic physical and mechanical
properties of construction materials (2)
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers
Modulus of
40  400 150  450 0,001  3,5
elasticity, E GPa
Creep resistance
at high Poor Outstanding -
temperatures
Thermal Average  Low 
Very high
expansion High Average
Average
Thermal (mostly
Average Very high
conductivity lowers then
t )
Electrical
Conductors Isolators Isolators
properties
Chemical Low  Good in
Outstanding
inertness average general
Thank you for attention

priit.kulu@ttu.ee