Linear Algebra

Fields
 Fields
Informal
• Set of elements “F” with four operations: Addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division

Formal
• Set of elements “F” with two operations: Addition and
multiplication
• Under addition the elements are commutative group (F,+)
• Under multiplication the non-zero elements are
commutative group (F, *)
 Fields
11 axioms needs to satisfies:
1. Closure under addition
For any a,b Є F, a+b Є F
2. Associative under addition
For any a,b,c Є F, (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
3. Existence of Identity under addition
For any aЄF, Ǝ 0ЄF such that a+0=0+a
4. Additive Inverses
For any aЄF, Ǝ(-a)ЄF such that a+(-a)=0
5. Commutative under addition
For any a,bЄF, a+b= b+a
6. Closure under multiplication
For any a,bЄF, a·bЄF
7. Associative under multiplication
For any a,b,cЄF, (a·b)·c= a·(b·c)
8. Identity under multiplication
For any aЄF, Ǝ1ЄF such that a·1=a
9. For any a≠0, Ǝa-1 ЄF such that a·a-1 =1
10. Commutative under multiplication
For any a,bЄF, a·b=b·a
11. Distributive Law
For any a,b,cЄF, a·(b+c)=ab+ac
 Examples
1. Rational Numbers (Q)
Addition
• 3/4 + 1/2 = 5/4
• (1/2 + 3/4) + 1/4 = 1/2 + (3/4 + 1/4)
3/2 = 3/2
• 1/2 + 0 = 1/2
• 3/5 + (-3/5) = 0
• 3/2 + 1/4 = 1/4 + 3/2
7/4 = 7/4
Multiplication
• 1/2 · 3/5 = 3/10
• (3/2 · 1/4) · 1/3 = 3/2 · (1/4 · 1/3)
1/3 = 1/3
• 3/4 · 1 = 3/4
• 3/5 · 5/3 = 1 Rational numbers satisfied
the 11 axioms
• 1/3 · 3/2 = 3/2 · 1/3
1/2 = 1/2
Distributive Law
• 3/4 · (1/6 + 3/2) = (3/4)(1/6) + (3/4)(3/2)
5/4 = 5/4
2. Zn (Integer mod n(Prime number))
Z5
Addition
• 1 mod 5 + 1 mod 5 = 2
• (1 mod 5 + 2 mod 5) + 3 mod 5 = 1 mod 5 + (2 mod 5 + 3
mod 5)
6=6
• 1 mod 5 + 0 = 1 mod 5
• 1 mod 5 + -(1 mod 5) = 0
• 1 mod 5 + 2 mod 5 = 2 mod 5 + 1 mod 5
3=3
Multiplcation
• 1 mod 5 · 2 mod 5 = 2
• (1 mod 5 · 2 mod 5)· 3 mod 5 = 1 mod 5 · (2 mod 5· 3
mod 5)
6=6
• 1 mod 5 · 1 = 1 mod 5
• 1 mod 5 · 1/1 mod 5 = 1
• 1 mod 5 · 2 mod 5 = 2 mod 5 · 1 mod 5
2=2
Distributive Law
• 1 mod 5 · (2 mod 5 + 3 mod 5) = (1 mod 5)(2 mod 5) +
(1 mod 5)(3 mod 5)
5=5
 Finite Fields
• Fields with finitely many elements.
+ O I A B x O I A B
O O I A B O O O O O
I I O B A I O I A B
A A B O I A O A B I
B B A I O B O B I A

• A · (B + A) = A ·I = A which equals A · B + A · A = I + B
=A as required by the distributivity
 Answer the following using the tables in Finite Fields
1. O + I
2. (O+ I) + A = O + (I + A)
3. O + 0
4. B + (-B)
5. A + B = B + A
6. O · I
7. (I · A) · B = I · (A ·B)
8. A · 1
9. O · 1/O
10. I · O = O · I
11. O · ( A + B) = OA + OB